Slow Cities: Conquering our Speed Addiction for Health and Sustainability

Cover
Slow Cities:
Conquering our Speed Addiction
for Health and Sustainability
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Speed
Chapter 1 - Introduction: changing cultures of speed
	Abstract
	1.1 - Introduction: a faster route to health
	1.2 - Holistic perspectives on slowing city transport
	1.3 - Increasing speed: technological advances throughout history
	1.4 - The growing cultural obsession with speed and time saving
	1.5 - Motordom—constructing a culture of speed in the city
	1.6 - New thinking, new thinkers
	1.7 - The growing momentum towards ‘slower’ city transport
	1.8 - The rise of slow movements
	1.9 - Conclusion
	1.10 - Preview of the book
	References
Chapter 2 - The benefits of speed for individuals: real or illusory?
	Abstract
	2.1 - Introduction
	2.2 - A long history of valuing speed
	2.3 - Problems with seeing speed as ‘valuable’
	2.4 - Speed, excitement and bodily pleasure
	2.5 - The elusive excitement of speed
	2.6 - Claimed advantages of faster transport for individuals and households
	2.7 - Do individuals and households really benefit from faster transport?
	2.8 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 - The benefits of speed for economy and society: challenging the dominant narrative
	Abstract
	3.1 - Introduction
	3.2 - Speed, industrialism and capitalism
		3.2.1 - Is speed good for capitalism and economic growth?
		3.2.2 - Downsides of capitalism and economic growth supported by speed
	3.3 - Speed in visions of the modern city
		3.3.1 - The celebration of speed in visions of the modern city
		3.3.2 - Alternative visions for the modern city: the role of ‘slower’ modes
	3.4 - Speed and time savings in transport modelling and planning
		3.4.1 - Speed and time savings: the myth
		3.4.2 - Debunking the time saving myth: how speed induces destinations to move further apart
	3.5 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 - The ‘slow paradox’: how speed steals our time
	Abstract
	4.1 - Introduction
	4.2 - The quest for speed in the city
	4.3 - The ‘slow paradox’ and effective speed
	4.4 - Effective speeds of different modes
	4.5 - The futility of increasing trip speeds
	4.6 - Countering arguments against effective speed
	4.7 - Increasing speeds, yet increased time pressure
	4.8 - Slowing down to speed up in city traffic
	4.9 - Travel time budgets: ‘slower cities’ spend less time travelling
	4.10 - Other ways the ‘slower’ modes save time
	4.11 - Conclusion
	References
Part II: Health
Chapter 5 - Keeping the doctor away: promoting human health through slower travel
	Abstract
	5.1 - Introduction
	5.2 - Promoting personal physical health through the ‘slower’ modes
		5.2.1 - Introduction
		5.2.2 - Physical activity and health
		5.2.3 - Active travel as a beneficial form of physical activity
			Active travel
			Walking
			Cycling
	5.3 - ‘Slower’ modes and personal mental health
		5.3.1 - How can walking and cycling improve mental health?
		5.3.2 - Mental health effects of transport choice by journey purpose
			The journey to work
			The journey to school
			Walking for social connection
	5.4 - Incidental public health benefits of active travel
		5.4.1 - Reduction in the frequency and severity of crashes
		5.4.2 - Reduction in pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
		5.4.3 - Enhancing social capital
		5.4.4 - Increasing accessibility for the transport deprived
			The economically disadvantaged
			People with a disability
			Older people
			Younger people
			Women
			Transport deprivation: an overview
	5.5 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 - Advancing environmental health in future ‘slow cities’
	Abstract
	6.1 - Introduction
	6.2 - Holistic assessments of speed’s impact on environmental health
	6.3 - Energy consumption
	6.4 - Pollution
		6.4.1 - Introduction
		6.4.2 - Air pollution
		6.4.3 - Noise pollution
		6.4.4 - Water consumption, pollution and waste disposal
	6.5 - Greenhouse gas levels
	6.6 - Consumption of space in the transport system
	6.7 - Sprawl: the link with speed
	6.8 - Rebound impacts
	6.9 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 - Slower, richer, fairer: better economic health in ‘slow cities’
	Abstract
	7.1 - Introduction
	7.2 - Economic health of individuals and families in the ‘slow city’
		7.2.1 - Introduction
		7.2.2 - Lower transport costs in the ‘slow city’
		7.2.3 - Lower medical costs in the ‘slow city’
		7.2.4 - Contrasts in home equity between ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ cities
		7.2.5 - Gentrification as a potential disbenefit for economically disadvantaged people in the ‘slow city’
	7.3 - Economic health of businesses in the ‘slow city’
		7.3.1 - Introduction
		7.3.2 - Benefits of the ‘slow city’ for retailers
		7.3.3 - Enhanced commercial property values in the ‘slow city’
		7.3.4 - Boosting the knowledge economy through walkability
		7.3.5 - Summary of business impacts of ‘slow cities’
	7.4 - Governance: the economic health of ‘slow cities’
		7.4.1 - Introduction
		7.4.2 - Reduced transport externalities
			Introduction
			Crashes
			Parking
			Traffic congestion
			Roadway land and facility external costs
			Barrier and severance effects on active travel users
			Summary
	7.5 - Pathways to slower cities in the Global South
	7.6 - Conclusion
	References
Part III: Strategies
Chapter 8 - Hit the brakes: slowing existing motorised traffic
	Abstract
	8.1 - Introduction
	8.2 - What interventions?
	8.3 - Lower posted speed limits
	8.4 - Speed enforcement measures and techniques
	8.5 - Physical traffic calming
	8.6 - Lower speed limits alone compared with a combination of signs and calming
	8.7 - The woonerf and the home zone
	8.8 - Play streets and school streets
	8.9 - Shared streets and psychological traffic calming
	8.10 - Self-explaining roads
	8.11 The ‘safe systems approach’ and Vision Zero
		8.11.1 - Introduction
		8.11.2 - What is the safe systems approach?
		8.11.3 - Vision Zero: achievements and challenges
	8.12 - Safer vehicles and safer roads through technology: the allure of autonomous vehicles
	8.13 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 - Slow modes, slow design, slow spaces: new goals for traffic management and planning
	Abstract
	9.1 - Introduction
	9.2 - Land use and street organisation in the ‘slower city’
		9.2.1 - Relationships between land use and traffic
		9.2.2 - Land use and street organisation in the ‘slower city’: seven Ds and a P
			Introduction
			Density
			Diversity
			Design (intersection density)
			Destination accessibility
			Distance to public transport
			Demand management
			Distribution of employment
			Placemaking
		9.2.3 - Zoning for a ‘slower city’
	9.3 - Traffic management approaches to slowing the city
		9.3.1 - Introduction
		9.3.2 - Promote and encourage cycling
		9.3.3 - Promote and encourage walking
		9.3.4 - Micromobility devices
		9.3.5 - Promote and encourage public transport
		9.4 Restrictions on road capacity for motorised vehicles
			9.4.1 - Introduction
			9.4.2 - Reclaiming space for walking and cycling
			9.4.3 - Creating plazas from street space
			9.4.4 - Redesigning and activating streets to encourage public transport
			9.4.5 - Narrowing motorised travel lanes
			9.4.6 - Developing ‘complete streets’
			9.4.7 - Providing spaces reserved for people on foot
			9.4.8 - Area-wide motorised traffic restrictions
			9.4.9 - Filtered permeability
			9.4.10 - Removing roads
			9.4.11 - Summary
		9.5 - The future impact of autonomous vehicles on land use planning and traffic management
		9.6 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 - A new vision for the city: transforming behaviours, values and cultures
	Abstract
	10.1 - Introduction: demand management as a critical element of policy for ‘slow cities’
	10.2 - Voluntary transportation demand management
		10.2.1 - Introduction
		10.2.2 - Voluntary travel behaviour change
		10.2.3 - Social marketing
		10.2.4 - Critical views of behaviour change and social marketing
	10.3 - Physical, operational, financial/pricing and organisational TDM approaches
		10.3.1 - Introduction
		10.3.2 - Physical TDM interventions
		10.3.3 - Operational TDM interventions
		10.3.4 - Financial/pricing TDM interventions
		10.3.5 - Organisational TDM interventions
		10.3.6 - The need for both carrots and sticks in the integration of TDM strategies
	10.4 - Transforming cultural values and institutional frameworks
		10.4.1 - Introduction
		10.4.2 - Vision and leadership at the city level
		10.4.3 - Knowledge
		10.4.4 - Professional skills
		10.4.5 - Resources
		10.4.6 - Policies, strategies and community interventions
		10.4.7 - Cooperation and partnerships
		10.4.8 - Summary
	10.5 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 - Conclusion: re-imagining the city for a healthier future
	Abstract
	11.1 - Introduction
	11.2 - A child-friendly vision for a future ‘slow city’
	11.3 - The child-friendly transport modes
	11.4 - Children’s playful exploration in a child-friendly city
	11.5 - Reducing children’s vulnerability by slowing the city
	11.6 - Involving children in the creation of ‘slow cities’
	11.7 - The role of slowing transport in responding to global challenges
	11.8 - Cognitive dissonance surrounding the disadvantages of speed
	11.9 - Re-imagining opportunities for achieving the ‘slow city’
		11.9.1 - Re-imagining goals
		11.9.2 - Re-imagining attitudes
		11.9.3 - Re-imagining outcomes
	11.10 - Conclusion: a ‘Manifesto for 21st Century Slow Cities’
	References
Afterword
Index
Back Cover