Sleep: Evolution and Functions

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1: Sleep: Basic and Historical Aspects
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Concept of Sleep in Ancient Indian Science
	1.3 The Journey of Sleep Theory
	1.4 Does the Discovery of ``REM-2´´ Sleep Suggest a Dual Nature of REM Sleep?
	1.5 Sleep Scoring and Characterization in Human Subjects
	1.6 The Current Concept of Sleep-Wakefulness
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: Sleep: Findings in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sleep/Rest in the Invertebrates
		2.2.1 Coelenterates: A Reversible Quiescent State in Jellyfish Is a Sleep-Like State
		2.2.2 Nematodes: A Quiescent Behavioral Stage in the Nematode (Roundworm) Is Also a Sleep-Like State
		2.2.3 Annelids: Do Leech and Earthworm Exhibit Sleep-Like State?
		2.2.4 Arthropods: High-Amplitude Slow Waves Appear During Putative Sleep in the Crayfish
		2.2.5 The Changes in Brain Electrical Waves During the Rest and Activity Phases in Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
		2.2.6 Mollusks: Sleep-Like States with Rapid Eye Movements and Twitching in the Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)
		2.2.7 Sleep-Like State with a Closed Eye and Random Movements of the Arm´s Suckers in Octopus vulgaris
	2.3 Sleep/Rest in Vertebrates
		2.3.1 Fishes: Predominance of Power in the Low-Frequency Bands During Waking
		2.3.2 Amphibians: EEG Bursts During the Sleep-Like State in Frogs
		2.3.3 Reptiles: Spike and Sharp-Wave Activity During Behavioral Sleep
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3: Sleep: Evolutionary and Adaptive Changes in Birds and Mammals
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Sleep in Birds
		3.2.1 Sleep in Ancient Evolutionary Birds: The ``Ostrich´´ and ``Elegant Crested Tinamou´´
		3.2.2 Melanism, Sleep-Wakefulness, and Cognition in Birds
	3.3 Sleep in Mammals
	3.4 Unihemispheric/Asymmetrical Sleep
		3.4.1 Unihemispheric Sleep in Birds
		3.4.2 Unihemispheric Sleep in Mammals
	3.5 Sleep During Migratory Flights
	3.6 Sleep During Pregnancy and Postpartum
	3.7 Normative Aging Associative Sleep Disturbances
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
4: Sleep Loss: What Does It Do to Our Brain and Body?
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Effects of Sleep Loss on the Brain
		4.2.1 Chronic Sleep Loss Affects Brain Maturation
		4.2.2 Chronic Sleep Loss Alters Brain Mass
	4.3 The Effects of Sleep Loss on Body System Dysregulation
		4.3.1 Prolonged Sleep Loss Transiently Suppresses the Immune System
		4.3.2 Prolonged Sleep Loss Alters the Properties of Immune Cells
		4.3.3 Prolonged Sleep Loss Alters Immunogenic Responses
		4.3.4 Prolonged Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Obesity and Diabetes
		4.3.5 Prolonged Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
		4.3.6 Prolonged Sleep Loss and Alteration in Metabolic Energy Conservation and Cellular Detoxification
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5: Sleep: Neural Optimization as an Ultimate Function for Memory Consolidation
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation and Synaptic Plasticity
		5.2.1 The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation
		5.2.2 The Role of Sleep in the Regulation of Epigenetic and Second Messenger Machinery for Memory Consolidation
		5.2.3 The Role of Sleep in Neuronal Proliferation
		5.2.4 The Role of Sleep in Neural Circuit Reorganization
		5.2.5 The Role of Sleep in Memory-Linked Neuronal Replay
	5.3 Why Does Memory Consolidation Require Sleep?
	5.4 Memory Consolidation: The Current Concepts
		5.4.1 The Systems-Level Consolidation
		5.4.2 The Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis (SHY)
		5.4.3 The System Optimization Theory (SOT)
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6: Sleep: Disorders and Clinical Implications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Sleep and Sleep-Loss-Associated Disorders
		6.2.1 Sleep Disorders
			6.2.1.1 Insomnia
			6.2.1.2 Hypersomnia
			6.2.1.3 Parasomnia
			6.2.1.4 Narcolepsy
			6.2.1.5 Sleep Apnea
			6.2.1.6 Restless Leg Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
			6.2.1.7 Circadian-Rhythm-Associated Sleep Disorders
			6.2.1.8 Sexsomnia (Sleep Sex)
		6.2.2 Sleep-Loss-Associated Disorders
			6.2.2.1 Sleep Alteration and Anxiety Disorders
			6.2.2.2 Sleep Alteration and Reactive Aggression
			6.2.2.3 Sleep Alteration and Chronic Diseases
			6.2.2.4 Sleep Alteration and Frailty in the Elderly
	6.3 Clinical Implications
	6.4 Conclusion
	References