Selected Reflections in Language, Logic, and Information: ESSLLI 2019, ESSLLI 2020 and ESSLLI 2021 Student Sessions, Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

Preface
Organization
Contents
Conversational Reasoning in the Absence of Quantity
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Scalar Implicature Through Pragmatic Strengthening
		1.2 Scalar Implicature Through Grammatical Exhaustification
	2 Background
	3 Experiment
		3.1 Research Question
		3.2 Methods
		3.3 Design and Materials
		3.4 Results
	4 Conclusion
		4.1 Discussion of Results
	References
Silence, Dissent, and Common Ground
	1 Introduction
	2 Silence and Common Ground
	3 Silent Dissent
	4 Silence and Default Attitudes
		4.1 Dialogue Cooperativeness
		4.2 Identifying Dialogue Situations
		4.3 From Cooperativeness to Interpretation of Silence
	5 Silence and Updates
	6 Conclusions
	References
Sentence-Final Particle de in Mandarin as an Informativity Maximizer
	1 Introduction
	2 Data
	3 Analysis
		3.1 Background
		3.2 Formal Implementation
		3.3 Comparison with Other Proposals
	4 Extensions
		4.1 Cases with Enriched Prior Knowledge
		4.2 Other Particles
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Impact of Propositional Messages on Termination of Declarative Distributed Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
		2.1 Configuration Graphs
		2.2 2 Counter Machines
		2.3 Multisets and Queues
		2.4 Petri Nets
		2.5 Databases
	3 Declarative Distributed Systems
		3.1 Networks
		3.2 Data-Sources and Configurations
		3.3 Computation Cycle
		3.4 Programs
		3.5 DDS Configuration Graphs
	4 Propositional DDSs
	5 Undecidability over Queues
	6 Decidability over Unordered Channels
		6.1 Closed pDDSs
		6.2 Interactive pDDSs
		6.3 Autonomous pDDSs
	7 Conclusions
	References
Formalizing Henkin-Style Completeness of an Axiomatic System for Propositional Logic
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Structure of the Paper
		1.2 A History of Formalized Completeness Proofs
	2 Syntax and Semantics
	3 Proof System
	4 Consistency and Maximality
	5 Extension
		5.1 Consistency
		5.2 Maximality
	6 Hintikka Sets
		6.1 Model Existence
		6.2 Maximal Consistency
	7 Completeness
	8 Conclusion
	References
Hope for Epistemic Reasoning with Faulty Agents!
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Concepts
	3 Axiomatizing Hope
	4 Soundness and Completeness
	5 Conclusions
	References
Sentential Negativity and Anaphoric Polarity-Tags: A Hyperintensional Account
	1 Introduction
	2 Reference to Negative Propositions
	3 Outline of the Formal Account
		3.1 Hyperintensional CDRT
		3.2 Deriving Discourse Polarity in Hyperintensional CDRT
		3.3 The Discourse-Effect of Negative Sentences
		3.4 Polar Additives
		3.5 Interim Discussion
	4 Comparison with Analyses of PolPs
		4.1 Roelofsen and Farkas (2015)
		4.2 Intensional Propositions and Discourse Coherence
		4.3 Ellipsis Accounts
		4.4 Neg-Raising and Discourse Inferences
	5 Conclusion
	References
Temporal Modification of Event Kinds
	1 Introduction
	2 Do Temporal Modifiers Modify Event Kind Descriptions?
	3 Verbal Gerunds as Kind Descriptions
	4 Data
	5 Frequency Adjectives and Adverbs
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Assessing the Effect of Text Type on the Choice of Linguistic Mechanisms in Scientific Publications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Related Work
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Linguistic Features Under Consideration
	3 Evaluation
		3.1 Quantitative Assessment
		3.2 Discussion
	4 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Limited Symmetry
	1 Introduction
	2 Schlenker 2009
	3 Limited Symmetry
		3.1 The System Informally
		3.2 Formalization
		3.3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Problem for Downward Closure in the Semantics of Counterfactuals
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Downward Closure
	2 De Morgan\'s Law in Counterfactual Antecedents
	3 Exclusification
		3.1 A Scenario with New Wiring
		3.2 Embedded Exclusivity Operators
	4 When Exclusification is Too Strong
	5 Counterfactual Exhaustification
	6 Conclusion
	References
Lambek Calculus with Optional Divisions
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
		2.1 Lambek Calculus and Its Extensions
		2.2 Categorial Grammars
		2.3 Context-Free Grammars
	3 Lambek Calculus with Optional Divisions
	4 Proofs of Theorems
		4.1 Free Group Interpretation
		4.2 Interpretable Lambek Grammars
		4.3 Telescopic Conjunction
		4.4 Proof of Theorem 2
		4.5 Proof of Theorem 3
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Logical Framework for Understanding Why
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminary
		2.1 Philosophical Views
		2.2 A Logic of Knowing Why and Fitting Model
	3 A Framework for Understanding Why
	4 An Axiomatization
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Author Index