Security by Design: Protecting Buildings and Public Places Against Crime and Terror

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Prologue
	1.1 Background
	1.2 Security by Design
	1.3 Significance for Different Professionals
		1.3.1 Architects
		1.3.2 Planners
		1.3.3 Security Professionals
		1.3.4 Laymen
		1.3.5 Policymakers
	1.4 A Global Overview
	Bibliography
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of ‘Security by Design’
	2.1 Important Terms and Definitions
		2.1.1 Security and Safety
		2.1.2 Resilience and Crime Prevention
		2.1.3 Asset and Vulnerability
			Asset
			Vulnerability
		2.1.4 Threat and Risk
			Threat
			Risk
		2.1.5 Forms of Security
		2.1.6 Psychological Aspects
			Neurological Basis
			Security Theatre
		2.1.7 Security Programming
	2.2 Strategies
		2.2.1 3D Approach
		2.2.2 3Rs for Resilience
		2.2.3 Target Hardening
		2.2.4 Layering
		2.2.5 CPTED
		2.2.6 Security Engineering
		2.2.7 Secure Planning
	Bibliography
Chapter 3: CPTED Explained
	3.1 Salient Principles
		3.1.1 Design Influences Behaviour
		3.1.2 ‘Where’ of Crime?
		3.1.3 The Psychological Basis
		3.1.4 The 4th D
		3.1.5 Subtle and Covert
		3.1.6 Authorised and Unauthorised Users
	3.2 History
	3.3 First Generation CPTED
		3.3.1 Natural Surveillance
			Lighting Design
			Populatedness
			Secondary Functions
			Psychology of Casual Surveillance
			Positive Social Interaction
		3.3.2 Natural Access Control
			Perimeter Control
		3.3.3 Territorial Reinforcement
			Ownership Affirmation
			Sense of Belonging
			Gated Communities
		3.3.4 Image and Maintenance
			Broken Window Theory
			Graffiti
			Environmental Cues
	3.4 Second-Generation CPTED
		3.4.1 Community Cohesion
		3.4.2 Social Control
		3.4.3 Threshold Capacity
		3.4.4 Culture and Traditions
	3.5 Third-Generation CPTED
	Bibliography
Chapter 4: Security Engineering
	4.1 Embedded Security
		4.1.1 Design Decisions
			Form
			Layout
		4.1.2 Stage of Design
		4.1.3 Security Profiling of Buildings
	4.2 Security-Based Building Classification
		4.2.1 Category A: Critical and Sensitive Buildings
		4.2.2 Category B: Public Buildings
		4.2.3 Category C: Restricted Public Environments
		4.2.4 Category D: Residential Environments
		4.2.5 Category E: Open-Air Environments
	4.3 Structural Threats
		4.3.1 Blast Action
		4.3.2 Structural Response of Building Components
		4.3.3 Relevant Conclusions
		4.3.4 Designing for Structural Resilience
			Explosive Weight
			Stand-Off Distance
			Vehicles
			Layering
	4.4 Integrated Security
		4.4.1 Perimeter
		4.4.2 Access Control
			Access Control at the Perimeter
			Human Access Control
			Access Points
		4.4.3 Between Perimeter and Building Envelope
			Maximise Stand-Off Distance
			Internal Roads and Parking
			Surveillance
			Landscape Design
		4.4.4 Effective Building Layout
			Orientation and Massing
			Site Zoning and Circulation
			Functional Layering
			Main Entrance
			Vestibule and Foyer
			Internal Layouts
		4.4.5 Building Envelope Design
			Structural Design
			Building Façade
		4.4.6 Building Core and Interiors
			Asset Core
			MEP Design
		4.4.7 Operational Security
			Site Selection
			Life Safety and Egress
			Good Practices
	4.5 Budget and Costs
	Bibliography
Chapter 5: Planning for Security
	5.1 Planning for Integration of Security in Buildings
		5.1.1 Building Use
		5.1.2 Natural Surveillance
		5.1.3 Walkability
	5.2 Planning Models
		5.2.1 Secondary Functions
		5.2.2 Sustainable Neighbourhoods
		5.2.3 Mixed Use
		5.2.4 Demographics
		5.2.5 Gated Communities
		5.2.6 Sustainable Communities
	5.3 Planning, CPTED and UN Sustainable Development Goals
	5.4 Smart Cities and CPTED
	5.5 Global Planning
	Bibliography
Chapter 6: Case Studies
	6.1 The Akshardham Temple, New Delhi, India
		6.1.1 Risk Analysis
			Threats Identified
			Assets
			Likelihood
			Adversary potential
			Vulnerability
			Building category
			Level of impact
			Security strategy
		6.1.2 Design Overview
			Site selection
			Site layout
			Perimeter
			Access control
			Surveillance
			Resilience (Building Envelope, Façade, Structure, MEP)
			Risk mitigation strategy
		6.1.3 Main Inferences
	6.2 The One WTC, New York, USA
		6.2.1 Risk Analysis
			Threats identified
			Assets
			Likelihood
			Adversary potential
			Vulnerability
			Building category
			Level of impact
		6.2.2 Design Overview
			Site selection
			Building design
			Security interventions
			Resilience
			Risk mitigation
		6.2.3 Main Inferences
	6.3 WHO Headquarter Extension Building, Geneva
		6.3.1 Risk Analysis
			Threats identified
			Assets
			Likelihood
			Adversary potential
			Vulnerability
			Building category
			Level of impact
		6.3.2 Design Overview
			The Original Tschumi Building of 1966
			The Extension Project 2015
			Codal Compliance
			On-Ground Reality
			Site Planning and Circulation
			Building Layout and Access Control
		6.3.3 Main Inferences
	6.4 CPTED in Delhi Mohallas (Neighbourhoods)
		6.4.1 The Identified Neighbourhood
		6.4.2 The Security Context
			History
			Evolutionary Forces
		6.4.3 CPTED Principles
			Second-Generation Interventions
			CPTED Corrections
		6.4.4 Main Inferences
	6.5 Gated Communities of Delhi
		6.5.1 The Community Identified
		6.5.2 The Security Context
		6.5.3 CPTED Principles
		6.5.4 Main Inferences
	6.6 Lajpat Nagar Bazaar of New Delhi, India
		6.6.1 Risk Analysis
		6.6.2 CPTED Principles
		6.6.3 Main Inferences
	Bibliography
Chapter 7: Epilogue
	7.1 The ‘Security by Design’ Approach
	7.2 Benefits of the ‘Security by Design’ Approach
	7.3 Future of ‘Security by Design’
		7.3.1 Sustainable Security
		7.3.2 Measurement and Quantification
		7.3.3 Incentivisation and Advocacy
		7.3.4 Social Impact
	Bibliography
Index