Sandalwood: Silviculture, Conservation and Applications

Contents
About the Editors
1: Sandalwood: The Green Gold
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Botanical Description
		1.2.1 Taxonomic Position
		1.2.2 Distribution and Morphological Description
		1.2.3 Habitat and Growth
	1.3 Uses
	1.4 Conservation Status, Threats, and Challenges
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2: History of Sandalwood
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Religious Ceremonies
		2.2.1 Hinduism
		2.2.2 Jainism
		2.2.3 Buddhism
		2.2.4 Islam
		2.2.5 Chinese and Japanese Religions
		2.2.6 Zoroastrianism
	2.3 History of Sandalwood in India
	2.4 History of Sandalwood in Australia
	2.5 History of Sandalwood in Hawaii
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3: Botany of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Taxonomy and Distribution
	3.3 Botany
		3.3.1 Santalum L.
	3.4 Anatomical Features
		3.4.1 Microscopic Characters of Leaf
		3.4.2 Macroscopic Characters
		3.4.3 Microscopic Characters of Heartwood
		3.4.4 Microscopy of Heartwood Powder
	3.5 Cytogenetics
	3.6 Phenology, Reproductive Biology, and Breeding System
		3.6.1 Phenology
		3.6.2 Floral Morphology
		3.6.3 Fruit Morphology
		3.6.4 Reproductive Biology and Breeding System
			3.6.4.1 Floral Visitors
		3.6.5 Variations in Fruit Morphology and Seed Setting
		3.6.6 Reproductive Rate in Climate Change
	3.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
4: Sandalwood Wood Carving
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Wood Carving
	4.3 Success Story: Masterful Carvers of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
		4.3.1 The Carvings
		4.3.2 Precious Sandalwood
		4.3.3 Mahesh
		4.3.4 Mohit
		4.3.5 Rohit
		4.3.6 The Future
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5: Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Santalum album L.
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Traditional Uses of Sandalwood
		5.2.1 Ayurvedic Perspective
		5.2.2 Unani Perspective
	5.3 Phytochemistry
	5.4 Pharmacology of Sandalwood
		5.4.1 Anti-Microbial Activities
			5.4.1.1 Antiviral Activity
			5.4.1.2 Antibacterial Activity
			5.4.1.3 Antifungal Activity
		5.4.2 Anti-Oxidant Efficacy
		5.4.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
		5.4.4 Hepatoprotective Activity
		5.4.5 Anticancer Activity
		5.4.6 Anti-Hyperglycaemic and Anti-Hyperlipidaemia Effect
		5.4.7 Effects on Central Nervous System
		5.4.8 Other Uses of Sandalwood
	5.5 Adulteration and Authentication of Sandalwood
	5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
6: Wood Property Variation in Sandalwood
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Physical Properties of Wood
		6.2.1 Specific Gravity
		6.2.2 Shrinkage and Swelling
		6.2.3 Moisture Content
	6.3 Anatomical Properties
	6.4 Different Sources of Wood Variation
	6.5 Sandalwood and Its Adulterants
	6.6 Conclusions and Future Line of Work
	References
7: Silviculture, Growth and Yield of Sandalwood
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Distribution
	7.3 Geology, Rocks, and Soils
	7.4 Morphology and Phenology
	7.5 Seeds and Seed Dormancy
	7.6 Seed Germination and Seedlings Raising
	7.7 Vegetative Propagation
	7.8 Natural and Artificial Regeneration
	7.9 Host-Sandalwood Parasitism
	7.10 Inter-Cultural and Tending Operations
	7.11 Tree Improvement
	7.12 Conservation of Sandalwood
	7.13 Growth and Yield of Sandalwood
	7.14 Growth Study
		7.14.1 Factors Affecting Growth
		7.14.2 Influence of Soil on Growth and Heartwood Formation
	7.15 Yield of Sandalwood and Revenue
		7.15.1 Heartwood Formation
		7.15.2 Girth Vs. Yield
		7.15.3 Revenue to Exchequer
		7.15.4 Rotation Age
	7.16 Production of Sandalwood in India
	7.17 Conclusions and Future Direction
	References
8: Cultivation of Sandalwood Under Agro-Forestry System
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Seeds, Seed Treatment, Germination, and Seedling Growth
	8.3 Agro-Forestry Systems
	8.4 Nursery Practices for Quality Planting Stock
	8.5 Site Selection for Sandalwood Cultivation
	8.6 Sandalwood Cultivation and Impact of Hosts on Its Survival
	8.7 Maintenance of Plantation
	8.8 Protection of Plantation
		8.8.1 Protection Against Grazing
		8.8.2 Protection Against Fire
		8.8.3 Protection Against Disease and Pests
		8.8.4 Protection Against Illicit Felling
	8.9 Benefits of Agro-Forestry Systems
		8.9.1 Improving Soil Fertility
		8.9.2 Increase the Efficiency of Nutrient Uptake
		8.9.3 Provide Shade to Young Sandalwood
		8.9.4 Assist the Parasitism Process for Sandalwood
		8.9.5 Suppressing the Spread of Pests and Diseases
		8.9.6 Intermediate Benefits to Farmers
	8.10 Economics of Raising Sandalwood Plantation
	8.11 Conclusions
	References
9: Diseases and Insect Pests of Sandalwood
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sandalwood and Fungal Association
	9.3 Sandalwood Diseases
		9.3.1 Nursery Diseases
		9.3.2 Main Field Diseases
			9.3.2.1 Spike Disease of Sandalwood
				Causes of Spike Disease
				Pollen Theory
				Control of Spike Disease
	9.4 Insect Pests of Sandalwood
		9.4.1 Nursery Pests
			9.4.1.1 Cryptothelia cramerii
			9.4.1.2 Ascotis selenaria imparata
			9.4.1.3 Acanthopsyche moorei
			9.4.1.4 Sympiezomias cretaceus
			9.4.1.5 Eupterote geminata
			9.4.1.6 Natada nararia
			9.4.1.7 Holochlora albida
			9.4.1.8 Teratodus monticollis
			9.4.1.9 Control of Nursery Pests
		9.4.2 Stem Borers
			9.4.2.1 Indarbela quadrinotata
			9.4.2.2 Zeuzera coffeae
			9.4.2.3 Sahyadrassus malabaricus
			9.4.2.4 Aristobia octofasciculata
			9.4.2.5 Control of Stem Borers
		9.4.3 Sap Suckers
			9.4.3.1 Saissetia coffeae
			9.4.3.2 Saissetia nigra
			9.4.3.3 Ceroplastes actiniformis
			9.4.3.4 Ceroplastes ceriferus
			9.4.3.5 Inglisia bivalvata
			9.4.3.6 Control of Sap Suckers
		9.4.4 Insects Attacking Wood in Storage and Dead Wood
			9.4.4.1 Sinoxylon atratum
			9.4.4.2 Xylopsocus capucinus
			9.4.4.3 Purpuricenus sanguinolentus
			9.4.4.4 Xylocopa latipes
			9.4.4.5 Control Measures
		9.4.5 Termites
	9.5 Control Measures of Pests of Sandalwood
		9.5.1 Chemical Control
		9.5.2 Biological Control
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
10: The Sandalwood Trade: An Overview
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 About Sandalwood Tree and Current Situation
	10.3 Sandal Tree and Part Traded
		10.3.1 Adulterants
		10.3.2 Consumption of Sandalwood and Oil
	10.4 Sandalwood and Brief on Pricing Trend
		10.4.1 Historical Trade in Price
		10.4.2 Price Trend During Twentieth Century
	10.5 Price Trend of Sandalwood Oil
	10.6 Domestic Market
	10.7 Production in Trade
	10.8 Import and Export Policy on Sandalwood
	10.9 Case Study from the Industry, Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited (KSDL), India
		10.9.1 KSDL History: High and Low
		10.9.2 KSDL Turnover
		10.9.3 Challenges Faced by KSDL
	10.10 Conclusion
	References
11: Sandalwood Smuggling and Illegal Trading in India
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Illegal Sandalwood Trade
	11.3 Sandalwood Smuggling
	11.4 Sandalwood Mafias
	11.5 The Ghost of Veerappan and Criminalization of Labour
	11.6 Current Commercial Trend of Sandalwood Trade
	11.7 Recent Policies on Sandalwood Trade
	11.8 Conclusions
	References
12: Tissue Culture Studies in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Tissue Culture Applications in Sandalwood
		12.2.1 Tissue Culture Studies in Sandalwood
			12.2.1.1 Explant Sources
			12.2.1.2 Surface Sterilization
			12.2.1.3 Culture Medium
			12.2.1.4 In Vitro Regeneration of Sandalwood
	12.3 Limitations
	12.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
13: Sandalwood Biotechnology: Challenges, Opportunities, and Outlook
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Modern Biotechnology Strategies for Enhancing Sandalwood Bio-Prospects
		13.2.1 Plant Tissue Culture
		13.2.2 Plant Genetic Engineering
		13.2.3 RNA Interference Approach in Sandalwood Improvement
		13.2.4 Transgenic Hairy Roots
		13.2.5 Host-Parasite Relationship in Sandalwood
		13.2.6 Spike Disease in Sandalwood
		13.2.7 Plant Metabolic Engineering and Metabolomics
		13.2.8 Molecular Markers
		13.2.9 Genomics
		13.2.10 Image Analysis
		13.2.11 Synthetic Biology and Nanobiotechnology
	13.3 Conclusions
	References
14: Sustainable Use, Threats, and Conservation of Sandalwood
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Liberalization of Legal Aspect of Sandalwood in India
	14.3 Sustainable Use
	14.4 Threats to Conservation
	14.5 Conservation of Sandalwood
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
15: Success Stories of Sandalwood
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Success Story 1: Sirigiri Ravinder: The Farmer and Businessman Combined
	15.3 Success Story 2: Chava Chandrasekhar: The Farmer
	15.4 Success Story 3: Thangamuthu the Farmer
	15.5 Success Story 4: Rangaswamy, A Farmer
	15.6 Success Story 5: Chinnegowda
	15.7 Success Story 6: Raghunath, the Farmer
	15.8 Success Story 7: Ayyappa Thoranagatti, the Farmer
	15.9 Success Story 8: Ramesh, the Farmer
	15.10 Success Story 9: Corporate Sector Enters Sandalwood Plantation
	15.11 Success Story 10: Quintis Limited (Formerly Tropical Forestry Services Corporation Limited, Australia)
	15.12 Success Story 11: Santanol Pty Ltd.
	References
		Websites