Safety for Future Transport and Mobility

Preface
Introduction
Contents
1 Safety the Basis for Future Mobility
	1.1 Safety is Much More Than Safety Engineering
	1.2 Safety as a Social Right
	1.3 Legal Basis for “Auto-Mobility”
		1.3.1 The German Road Traffic Act (StVG)
		1.3.2 Origin of the German Road Traffic Act
		1.3.3 Adaptation of the Traffic Right for the Globalisation Trend
		1.3.4 Activities in Germany for Future Mobility Solutions
		1.3.5 Genevan and Viennese Convention
	1.4 European Union (EU) and Legislation
		1.4.1 EU Directives Related to Road Traffic
		1.4.2 European Vehicle Class
		1.4.3 EU Directive for Future Mobility
	1.5 Licensing Act
	1.6 US Road Traffic Regulations
	1.7 UNECE
	1.8 Legal View on Future Mobility
		1.8.1 New Licensing Approach for Automated Vehicles
		1.8.2 ITS Law
		1.8.3 ETSI—European Telecommunications Standards Institute
		1.8.4 OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
		1.8.5 ETSC European Transport Safety Council
		1.8.6 IT Security Act
	1.9 Product Liability
	1.10 Common Law and Civil Law
	1.11 Legal Regulation in China
	1.12 Insurance
2 Risk Management
	2.1 Risk Management Cycle
		2.1.1 Development of the Context
		2.1.2 Identification of Risk
		2.1.3 Assessment of the Risk in the Target Context
		2.1.4 Development of a Strategy and Treatment of Potential Risk
		2.1.5 Development and Defining of Activities and Their Objectives
		2.1.6 Development of an Implementation and Realisation Strategy
		2.1.7 Review and Evaluation of the Plan
	2.2 Technical Risk
	2.3 Risk in Road Traffic
		2.3.1 Causes of Technical Risk
		2.3.2 Control of Technical Risk
	2.4 Standardisation of Safety for Road Vehicles
		2.4.1 Risk and Integrity Definition from the IEC 61508
		2.4.2 Risk According to ISO 26262
	2.5 Critical Infrastructure
		2.5.1 Organisation for Critical Infrastructure
		2.5.2 Cloud Computing
		2.5.3 Transport and Traffic and Critical Infrastructure
3 Automation in Mobility
	3.1 Human Driving: a Closed-Loop Control System
	3.2 Human Driving
		3.2.1 Driver’s HMI
		3.2.2 Driver in the Loop
		3.2.3 Human Driving Journey
	3.3 Human Control Mechanism
	3.4 Human Behaviour and Context
		3.4.1 Observer of the Observer
		3.4.2 Industry Automation
		3.4.3 Multiple Contexts for Different Layers of Abstraction
	3.5 Communication and Interfaces
	3.6 Human Driver as a Control System
		3.6.1 Human Communication
		3.6.2 Human Perception
		3.6.3 Technical Control System Comparison
		3.6.4 Control System Architecture in Comparison with the Human Control System
	3.7 Cyclic Data Processing Versus Distributed Event-Driven Data Processing
		3.7.1 Distributed Control
		3.7.2 Configuration of Human Control System
	3.8 Cybernetics and Control
		3.8.1 Digital Twin
		3.8.2 Cybernetics About Behaviour and Control
		3.8.3 Cybernetics and Sufficiently Perceiving the Environment
4 System Safety Engineering
	4.1 Observer of a System
		4.1.1 Viewpoints and Perspective
		4.1.2 ISO 26262 in an Architecture Matrix
	4.2 Road Traffic Perspective
		4.2.1 Road Traffic Environment
		4.2.2 The Context of Automated Road Vehicles
		4.2.3 Breakdown from Stakeholders View to an Operational View
	4.3 Operational Design Domain as per SAE J3016
	4.4 Layered Approach for Automated Driving
		4.4.1 Phases of an Hierarchical Engineering Approach
		4.4.2 Context Layer
		4.4.3 Development of the Operational Safety Concept
		4.4.4 Development of the Vehicle Safety Concept
		4.4.5 Process Sequence for the Engineering Model
	4.5 Software Development
		4.5.1 Software Development Based on ISO 26262
		4.5.2 Safety Mechanism in Basic Software
		4.5.3 Safety for POSIX-Based Architecture
		4.5.4 Failure and Errors in POSIX-Systems
		4.5.5 Hypervisor Approach
	4.6 Real-Time Embedded Systems
		4.6.1 Timing and Determinism
		4.6.2 Scheduling in Real-Time Systems
		4.6.3 Mix-Criticality Application in Hard Real-Time Systems
		4.6.4 Control and Data Flow Monitoring
	4.7 Operating Systems in Vehicles
		4.7.1 AUTOSAR
		4.7.2 ARINC 653
		4.7.3 Comparison of AUTOSAR with ARINC 653 Framework
		4.7.4 Safe Processing Environment
		4.7.5 Predictive Health Monitoring
		4.7.6 Safety and Security Error Propagation
	4.8 Development of Software-Intensive Tools
	4.9 Verification and Validation
		4.9.1 Verification of Diverse Objectives Such as Safety and Security
		4.9.2 Validation
		4.9.3 Validation According VMAD
		4.9.4 Safety Validation in ISO 26262
		4.9.5 Validation Phase
5 Organisational Viewpoint
	5.1 Accident Research
	5.2 Quality Management
	5.3 Software Quality
	5.4 Process Models
		5.4.1 Cyclic Process Models
		5.4.2 PDCA and CIP
	5.5 Complexity Due to Organisation
	5.6 Vehicle Structure and Organisation
	5.7 Dimensions of a Capable Organisation
	5.8 Structure of Organisations
	5.9 Organisational Aspects for Future Mobility
	5.10 Organisational Structure in Product Development
		5.10.1 Classical Organisation Until the Last Millennium
		5.10.2 Future Driver of a Development Organisation
6 Automated Driving and Control
	6.1 Vehicle Behaviour
		6.1.1 Degree of Freedom of Road Vehicles
		6.1.2 Framework for Inertial System of Space and Time
		6.1.3 Road Vehicle in “Real World”
		6.1.4 Criticality Depending on Distance
	6.2 Driver–Vehicle Interface
		6.2.1 Controllability by the Driver
		6.2.2 Accidents and Measures Against Their Root Causes
	6.3 Control and Communication
		6.3.1 Event-Driven Control
		6.3.2 Publish–Subscribe Networks
		6.3.3 Data Distribution Service (DDS)
		6.3.4 Communication Networks and Energy Transport
	6.4 Hazard and Risk in Road Traffic
	6.5 Horizontal and Vertical Engineering
		6.5.1 Closed-Loop Control and Signal Chains
		6.5.2 Closed-Loop Control on Various Layers of Abstraction
		6.5.3 Analyse Methodology
		6.5.4 Layered System Analysis
		6.5.5 Quantitative Aspects of Layer of Protection Analysis
	6.6 Methods for Risk Management
		6.6.1 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
		6.6.2 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
		6.6.3 Markov Analysis
		6.6.4 HazOp (Hazard and Operability Studies or Analysis)
		6.6.5 Preliminary Hazard and Risk Analysis (PHA, PRA)
		6.6.6 Operational Safety Assessment (OSA)
	6.7 Application from Avionics
		6.7.1 Flight Envelope
		6.7.2 Adaption to Automated Driving
	6.8 Outlook on Future Automated Mobility
Outlook