Safeguards in a world of ambient intelligence

001Download PDF (247.0 KB)front-matter......Page 1
1.1 From ubiquitous computing to ambient intelligence......Page 32
1.2 Challenges from the deployment of ambient intelligence......Page 35
1.3 Challenges from ambient intelligence for EU policy-making......Page 37
1.4 The challenges of this book......Page 39
2.1.1 Ubiquitous computing......Page 41
2.1.2 Ubiquitous communications......Page 42
2.1.3 User-friendly interfaces......Page 44
2.1.4 Embedded intelligence......Page 45
2.1.5 Sensors and actuators......Page 46
2.2 AmI visions......Page 47
2.3 Scenarios......Page 51
Descriptive vs normative......Page 53
Explorative vs anticipatory......Page 54
2.4 Roadmaps......Page 56
2.6 Platforms......Page 57
2.7 Projects......Page 59
2.8 Prospects......Page 61
3.1 Creating and analysing dark scenarios......Page 63
3.1.3 Identifying the applications......Page 64
Scene 1: At home and at work......Page 65
Scene 2: Shopping while being at work......Page 68
Scene 3: In the park......Page 69
3.2.3 The context......Page 70
Scene 3: At the park......Page 71
3.2.4 AmI technologies and devices......Page 72
3.2.6 Drivers......Page 73
3.2.7.1 Human factors and security......Page 74
3.2.7.3. Disproportionate reaction to suspicions......Page 75
3.2.8.1 Working from home......Page 76
3.2.8.2 Digital rights management......Page 83
3.2.8.3 ID theft and liability......Page 86
3.2.8.4 Inadequate profiling......Page 88
3.2.8.6 ID theft and payments......Page 92
3.2.8.7 Spyware, personal preferences and the illegal collection of data......Page 95
3.2.8.8 Data laundering......Page 96
3.2.8.9 Location-based advertising and spam......Page 97
3.2.8.10 An RFID-tagged blouse......Page 99
Scene 1: News from the police report: Senior citizen dies after bus accident......Page 101
Scene 2: Travel preparation and check-in procedure for public transportation......Page 103
Scene 3: Traffic supported by ambient intelligence......Page 104
Scene 4: Emergency situation......Page 105
3.3.3 The context......Page 106
Scene 3: Traffic supported by ambient intelligence......Page 107
Scene 4: Emergency situation......Page 108
3.3.4 AmI technologies and devices......Page 109
3.3.6 Drivers......Page 110
3.3.7.1 Dependence......Page 111
3.3.7.7 Identity......Page 112
3.3.8.1 Bus accident caused by hacker......Page 113
3.3.8.2 Lack of interoperability......Page 119
3.3.8.3 Access refusal as a result of data mismatch......Page 123
3.3.8.4. Disproportionate request for personal information......Page 125
3.3.9 Conclusions......Page 129
3.4.1.1 Introduction......Page 130
Scene 1: Management board meeting......Page 131
Scene 2: The Old Bailey, two years later......Page 135
3.4.3 The context......Page 138
3.4.4 AmI technologies and devices......Page 139
3.4.5 AmI applications......Page 140
3.4.6 Drivers......Page 141
3.4.7.1 Digital divide......Page 142
3.4.7.4 The illusion of security......Page 143
3.4.8.1 Global companies and local laws......Page 144
3.4.8.2 Monitoring employees......Page 147
3.4.8.4 Trading of personal data and the role of the data subject......Page 149
3.4.8.5 IPR and personal profiles......Page 150
3.4.9 Conclusions......Page 153
Scene 1: The Anti-Personalised-Profiling Action Group (APPAG)......Page 154
Scene 2: AmI divides......Page 156
Scene 3: Public life disrupted by virus attack......Page 157
Scene 4: AmI system aided mass risk management......Page 158
3.5.3 The context......Page 160
3.5.4 AmI technologies and devices......Page 161
3.5.5 Applications......Page 162
3.5.6.4 Costs......Page 163
3.5.7.1 Individual (personalised) profiling vs group profiling......Page 164
3.5.7.4 Dependency......Page 165
3.5.7.5 Loss of control......Page 166
3.5.8.1 Personal profiling......Page 167
3.5.8.2 Service refusal and incomplete personal profiles......Page 169
3.5.8.3 Digital virus damages public transport system......Page 170
3.5.8.4 Pseudonymous authentication......Page 171
3.5.9 Conclusions......Page 172
Threats and vulnerabilities......Page 173
4.1 Privacy under attack......Page 174
4.2 Identity: Who goes there?......Page 175
4.3 Can I trust you?......Page 178
4.4 An insecure world......Page 180
4.5 The looming digital divide......Page 182
4.6.1 Hackers and malware......Page 185
4.6.2 Identity theft......Page 187
4.6.4 Function creep......Page 188
4.6.6 Surveillance......Page 190
4.6.7 Profiling......Page 191
4.7 Lots of vulnerabilities......Page 196
4.7.1 System complexity, false positives and unpredictable failures......Page 197
4.7.3 Personal devices: networking with limited resources......Page 199
4.7.4 Lack of transparency......Page 200
4.7.6 Uncertainties about what to protect and the costs of protection......Page 201
4.7.7 Misplaced trust in security mechanisms......Page 203
4.7.9 Lack of enforcement and erosion of rights......Page 204
4.7.11 Loss of control and technology paternalism......Page 206
4.7.12 Dependency......Page 207
4.7.13 Unequal access and voluntary exclusion......Page 208
5.1 Technological safeguards......Page 209
5.1.1 Research on overcoming the digital divide......Page 211
5.1.2 Minimal data collection, transmission and storage......Page 212
5.1.4 Privacy protection in networking (transfer of identityand personal data)......Page 214
5.1.5 Authentication and access control......Page 215
5.1.5.4 Multimodal fusion......Page 216
5.1.6 Generic architecture-related solutions......Page 217
5.1.7 Artificial intelligence safeguards......Page 219
5.1.9 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 220
5.2 Socio-economic safeguards......Page 221
5.2.1 Standards......Page 222
5.2.3 Open standards......Page 223
5.2.4 Codes of practice......Page 224
5.2.5 Trust marks and trust seals......Page 225
5.2.6 Reputation systems and trust-enhancing mechanisms......Page 226
5.2.7 Service contracts......Page 227
5.2.8 Guidelines for ICT research......Page 228
5.2.10 Accessibility and social inclusion......Page 229
5.2.10.4 Dependability......Page 230
5.2.12 Education......Page 231
5.2.14 Cultural safeguards......Page 232
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 233
5.3.2.1 Law and architecture go together (Recommendation 1)......Page 234
5.3.2.2 Precaution or caution through opacity? (Recommendation 2)......Page 235
5.3.3.1 Recommendations regarding privacy......Page 236
5.3.3.2 Recommendation regarding digital territories......Page 238
5.3.3.3 Recommendation regarding spy-free territories for workersand children......Page 239
5.3.3.4 Recommendation regarding restrictions on use of illegallyobtained evidence......Page 240
5.3.3.5 Recommendations regarding implants......Page 241
5.3.3.6 Recommendations regarding anonymity, pseudonymity,credentials and trusted third parties......Page 242
5.3.3.7 Recommendation regarding criminal liability rules......Page 244
5.3.4.1 Introduction......Page 245
5.3.4.3 Information notices......Page 247
5.3.4.4 Data laundering obligations......Page 248
5.3.4.5 Restricted interoperability......Page 249
5.3.4.7 Biometrics......Page 251
5.3.4.8 RFIDs......Page 253
5.3.4.9 Data protection and profiling: a natural pair......Page 255
5.3.5 Specific recommendations regarding security......Page 257
5.3.5.2 Decentralised identity (data) management......Page 258
5.3.6 Specific recommendations regarding consumerprotection law......Page 261
5.3.6.2 Unfair privacy policies......Page 262
5.3.6.4 Right to withdrawal......Page 263
5.3.6.6 Group litigation and consumer claims......Page 264
5.3.7.2 Unsolicited communication (spam)......Page 265
5.3.8.1 General......Page 267
5.3.8.3 Joint and several liability......Page 268
5.3.8.4 Strict liability......Page 269
5.3.8.5 Reversing the burden of proof......Page 271
5.3.8.6 Consumer claims and fixed damages......Page 272
5.3.9.1 What is non-discrimination law?......Page 273
5.3.10.2 Protection of databases and profiling......Page 274
5.3.10.3 DRMs......Page 275
5.3.10.4 Decompilation right......Page 276
5.3.11.1 Jurisdiction in criminal matters......Page 277
5.3.11.3 Jurisdiction in civil matters......Page 278
5.3.11.4 Applicable law......Page 279
5.3.11.5 Data transfer......Page 281
6.1 Adopting a risk assessment/risk managementapproach to AmI......Page 282
6.2.1 Research and development......Page 285
6.2.2.1 Prevent discriminatory service refusal......Page 286
6.2.3 Privacy and security policy framework......Page 287
6.2.4 Correcting the lacunae that exist in legislation, regulation......Page 288
6.3 Recommendations for the Member States......Page 290
6.4 Recommendations for industry......Page 291
6.6 Recommendations for academia......Page 293
6.7 Recommendations for individuals......Page 294
7.1 User control and enforceability......Page 295
7.2 The top six......Page 297
009Download PDF (139.3 KB)back-matter......Page 300