Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Notes on Contributors
Acknowledgments
1 Politics in the Persian Gulf: an overview
Part I
	Historical context
		2 The Ottomans in the Arabian Peninsula
			Introduction
			The origins and structure of the Ottoman Empire
			The Ottoman Empire in the Persian Gulf
			Why did the Ottoman Empire decline?
			Notes
		3 The Persian Gulf in the pre-protectorate period: 1790–1853
			Introduction
			Mapping shores of time and place
			Wahhabis and Pashas
			Early nineteenth-century roots
			Notes
		4 Saudi Arabia and the 1744 alliance between the Al Saud and the Al-Sheikh: a legitimizing and enduring union
			Introduction
			Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab
			Alliance with Muhammad bin Saud
			Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab’s legacy
			The second Al Saud monarchy
			Impact on the modern state
			Conclusion
			Notes
		5 Britain’s presence in the Persian Gulf, 1617–2019
			Introduction
			Establishing and building a British presence (1617–1914)
			Britain and Persian Gulf oil (1901–45)
			Cold War, revolutionary nationalism, and imperial retreat (1945–71)
			Britain and the Persian Gulf after the retreat from “East of Suez” (1971–2019)
			Notes
		6 The states of the Persian Gulf: from protectorates to independent countries
			The Arabian Peninsula amid imperial frontiers
			Gulf protectorates in Britain’s informal empire
			Independence and statehood in the Gulf
			Conclusion
			Notes
Part II
	Society and culture
		7 Modernity and the Arab Gulf states: the politics of heritage, memory, and forgetting
			Introduction: getting from “then” to “now”
			Mid-century modernity in the Arab Gulf
			Depoliticizing the past
			Modernist forgetting
			Repressive erasure
			Conclusion
			Notes
		8 Evolving family patterns in the Arabian Peninsula
			The family in law
			Challenges facing the family in the Arabian Peninsula today
			Notes
		9 Migrant urbanism in Gulf cities: a reality without vision?
			Urbanization and migration in the Gulf
			The visions of future Gulf societies
			The key challenges of migrant urbanism
			Conclusion
			Notes
		10 Social division in Iraq: Ahl al-Shiqāq wa-l-Nifāq?
			Introduction
			Essentializing Iraqi social division
			Projecting the twenty-first century onto the past
			Sectarian identity and the modern Iraqi state
			2003 and the institutionalization of sect-centricity
			The ambiguity of social division
			Notes
		11 Sectarianism in the Gulf monarchies: regional and domestic factors of Sunni–Shiʿi tensions
			Introduction
			The transnational dimension: Sunni–Shiʿi relations in between Iran and Iraq
			Non-state Shiʿi transnational networks: Marjaʿiyya politics
			Types of domestic incorporation
			Conclusion
			Notes
		12 Women’s education, women’s work, and womanhood in the Gulf’s oil monarchies
			Introduction
			Women’s education in the Arabian Peninsula
			Education and sociocultural transformation
			Women in the workforce
			Transformation in women’s social and political roles
			Womanhood and femininity
			Conclusion
			Notes
		13 Oil for art’s sake: art and culture in the GCC
			Introduction
			The art of independence
			The art of censorship
			The art of civil society
			Conclusion
			Notes
Part III
	Economic development
		14 Rentier political economy in the oil monarchies
			Introduction
			The evolution of rentier state theory
			(Re)defining rentierism
			Dynamic rentier states
			Disaggregating state and society
			Re-evaluating the effectiveness of co-optation
			International relations and rentierism
			Conclusion
			Notes
		15 Global energy markets and the Persian Gulf
			Introduction
			Energy trends and their impact on Persian Gulf states
			Economic response by Persian Gulf states
			Political impact of responses to global energy trends
			Conclusion
			Notes
		16 The emergence and spread of the “Dubai model” in the GCC countries
			Introduction
			What is a model?
			What is the Dubai model?
			The emergence of the “Dubai model”
			The model as it presently looks
			Did the Dubai model spread to other countries in the region?
			Conclusion
			Notes
		17 Labor migration in the Persian Gulf
			Introduction
			Overview of labor migration in the Gulf
			Reforming regional migration governance
			Continuing challenges to reform
			Emerging areas for the study of Gulf migration: second-generation gulf migrants, highly skilled migration, and female migrants
			Conclusion
			Notes
		18 Revisiting the Gulf ’s divided labor markets
			Introduction
			Gulf employment and diversification context
			Attracting global knowledge
			Labor nationalization
			Discussion: global knowledge for local development
			Notes
		19 Working women in the oil monarchies
			Introduction
			Overview of working women in the GCC
			Exploring barriers to women’s labor force participation
			Conclusion
			Notes
Part IV
	Domestic politics
		20 Nationalism in Iran
			Introduction
			Conceptual and theoretical dimensions
			Anti-nationalist trends and their claims
			Nationalist trends in Iran
			Stages of nationalism in Iran
			The causes of resurrected nationalism
			Conclusion
			Notes
		21 Nationalism in the Persian Gulf ’s oil monarchies
			Introduction
			The historical formation of state-centric national identities
			Creating national identity
			The Arab Uprisings
			Foreign policy
			Conclusion
			Notes
		22 Charismatic authority in a hybrid state: reading Max Weber and beyond in post-revolutionary Iran
			Introduction
			Charisma in context: Weber and beyond
			Ayatollah Khomeini: from revolutionary charisma to coercive charisma?
			Post-Khomeini era: the bureaucratization and routinization of charisma
			Tohfeh-ye Elahi: the rise of deceptive and petro-populist charisma
			Charisma serves democracy?
			Conclusion
			Notes
		23 Political Islam in the Arabian Peninsula
			Introduction
			Bahrain
			Kuwait
			Oman
			Qatar
			Saudi Arabia
			The UAE
			Conclusions
			Notes
		24 Parliamentary politics in Kuwait
			Introduction: an evolving “Hellenic” assembly
			The Kuwaiti parliament in numbers
			“De-mythifying” the Kuwaiti Constitution
			Antecedents to the National Assembly
			The first decade (1963–76): a mounting opposition
			External forces swing the internal pendulum (1976–92)
			The downturn toward deadlock, dissent, and de-liberalization (1992–present)
			Conclusion: measured optimism
			Notes
		25 Political absolutism in the Gulf monarchies
			Introduction
			From chieftaincy to a tribal dynastic monarchy
			The nature of political rule in the Gulf monarchies
			Resilience and monarchial survival
			Adaptation, liberalization, and social pluralism
			Concluding observations
			Notes
		26 Royal succession in Saudi Arabia: the rise of Mohammed bin Salman
			Introduction
			The generation shift challenge
			Salman’s solution—the rise of MbS
			MbS’ power base
			The three faces of MbS
			Conclusion
			Notes
Part V
	Regional security dynamics
		27 Security in the Persian Gulf
			Military asymmetry and the Iranian factor
			The missile conundrum
			The regional security dilemma
			Whither the Gulf security conundrum?
			Notes
		28 Security dilemmas and conflict spirals in the Persian Gulf
			Introduction
			Security dilemmas and conflict spirals: basic concepts
			Security dilemmas in the Persian Gulf
			Conflict spirals in the Persian Gulf
			Conclusion
			Notes
		29 Between anarchy and arms race: a security dilemma in the Persian Gulf
			Introduction
			Security dilemma and the vicious cycle of arms race
			Anarchy in the regional system
			A security dilemma in the Persian Gulf
			Arms race in the Persian Gulf
			Conclusion
			Notes
		30 The rise and decline of the Gulf Cooperation Council
			Introduction
			Evolution of regional mechanisms
			Impact of the Arab Spring on GCC cohesion
			Impact of the 2014 and 2017 regional crises
			Can the GCC recover?
			Notes
		31 Saudi–Iranian relations: between identity, ideology, and interest
			Introduction
			Historical residual
			The ideological decade
			The Middle Eastern chessboard
			Conclusion
			Notes
		32 The armed forces in post-revolutionary Iran
			Introduction
			Iran’s armed forces after 2001
			The IRGC and asymmetric warfare
			Artesh and Iran’s military strategy
			Iran’s armed forces after ISIS
			Conclusion
			Notes
Part VI
	The Persian Gulf and the world
		33 The United States and the Persian Gulf: the art of surviving in stormy waters
			Introduction
			USA–Persia/Iran relations
			USA–Saudi Arabia relations
			USA–Kuwait relations
			USA–UAE relations
			USA–Qatar relations
			USA–Bahrain relations
			USA–Oman relations
			Conclusion
			Notes
		34 The United States and Iran: transcending no man’s land
			Introduction
			Organization of study
			The Iranian dialectic with the West and the USA
			Pathologizing the West
			Conclusion
			Notes
		35 Iran–USA relations: challenges and opportunities
			Introduction
			The roots of animosity
			The military dimension
			USA–Iran relations: the way forward
			Notes
		36 China in the Persian Gulf: hedging under the US umbrella
			Introduction
			Building a Persian Gulf presence under US preponderance
			Features of China’s Persian Gulf presence
			Conclusion
			Notes
Select bibliography
Index