Responsible Consumption and Production (Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals)

Responsible Consumption and Production
Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	3D Printing
	Additive Manufacturing
	Affect
	Agriculture Production and Consumption
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Agricultural Production
		Food Consumption
		Discussion and Final Remarks
			Envisioning a Sustainable Future for Agriculture
		Cross-References
		References
	Ambient
	Approaches to Define Environmental Debt in the Framework of Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Environmental Debt from Different Points of View
		Ecological Debt Concepts
		The Methods to Estimate Environmental Debt
		Cross-References
		References
	Atmosphere
	Awareness Rising of Consumers, Employees, Suppliers, and Governments
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals as a Global Tool of Raising Awareness of Consumers, Employees, Suppliers, and Gov...
			SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
		Ecological Thinking, Intuition, and Knowledge as a Base of Awareness
		Global Awareness Raising
			Ecological Education and Education for Sustainable Development
			Certificates, Labels, Organizations, and Foundations
			Raising Awareness in Business (Especially Small and Medium) and Suppliers
			Pro-ecological/Pro-environmental/Pro-sustainability Attitudes Creating and Changing Consumers Habits
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
B
	Balance Between Ecological and Human Needs
	Balanced Growth
	Blue Economy
	Business Environment: Emerging External and Internal Pressures for Sustainable Production
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			External and Internal Pressures for Improving Environmental Performance
			Macro Environment
			Microenvironment
			Organizational Environment
		Key Issues
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	By-product Exchange
	By-product Reuse
	By-product Synergy
C
	Capability Building Through Dynamic Capabilities and Organizational Learning
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Dynamic Capabilities
			Connection to Capability Building
			Evolution of the Theory
			Microfoundations of Dynamic Capabilities
		Organizational Learning
			Connection to Capability Building
			Evolution of the Theory
			Microfoundations of Organizational Learning
		Discussion and Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Carbon Accounting
	Carbon Footprints of Organizations and Products
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		General Characteristics of Carbon Footprints
			Assessing Emissions of Different GHGs
			Levels of Assessment and Associated Methods
			Temporal and Geographical Considerations
		Calculating Carbon Footprints of Organizations and Products
			Organizational Carbon Footprint
			Product Carbon Footprint
			An Integrated Perspective of Organizational and Product Carbon Footprints
		The Role of Carbon Footprints for Sustainable Production and Consumption
			Supporting Organizational Decision-Making and Innovation
			Creating Transparency and Informing Stakeholders
			Facilitating Research on Organizational Sustainability
		Key Challenges in Carbon Footprinting and Ways Ahead
			Methodological Issues
			Unidimensionality and Burden Shifting
			Lack of Integration and Harmonization Across Standards
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Carbon Inventory
	Cheap Search: A New Methodology for Technological Innovations
		Definition
		Introduction
		Innovation x Need
		Modeling of Real Events Through Computational Methodologies
		The Intrinsic Technological Capacity of Man
		New Technologies Through the Sharing of Ideas
		Fab Lab
		Cyberdemocracy, Internet Technology at the Service of Political and Social Structures
		Low-Cost Technology for Social Inclusion
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Circular Economy
	Circular Economy: Enabling the Transition Towards Sustainable Consumption and Production
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Circular Economy at the Macro-level: Policy and Regional Development
			High Level Policies and Regulations: Examples from China and the EU
			Urban and Regional Circular Economy
		Meso-level Implementations: Business Networks
			Industrial Symbiosis
			Circular Supply Chains
		Implementation on the Firm Level
			Circular Design
			Remanufacturing
			Business Models for a Circular Economy
		Key Issues
			Consumer Behavior
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Circular Packaging
	Cleaner Production and Technologies
		Definition
		Introduction
		Cleaner Production Approach and Timeline
		Cleaner Production Benefits and Impacts
		Cleaner Production Methodology
		Cleaner Production Opportunities and Challenges
		Cleaner Production and Technologies
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Climate
	Climate-Friendly Growth
	Clime
	Closed-Loop
	Closed-Loop Economy
	Code of Conducts: Catalyst for Sustainable Consumption and Production
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Sustainable Consumption and Production: A History
		SDG 12 Targets
		SDG 12 and the Supplier´s Code of Conduct
		UN Global Compact´s Ten Principles of the Supplier´s Code of Conduct
		The UN´s Ten Principles
		Best Practices in Dealing with Suppliers
		Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Collaborative Efforts of Youth for Achieving Sustainable Consumption
	Commitment
	Competition
	Competitive Advantage
	Competitive Environment
	Context
	Control of Reinforcement
	Corporate Citizenship
	Corporate Responsiveness
	Corporate Social Performance
	Corporate Social Responsibility
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Origin of Corporate Social Responsibility
		Approaches to CSR
			Corporate Citizenship
			Corporate Social Responsiveness
			Corporate Social Performance
			CSR as Competitive Advantage
			Political CSR
		CSR and Sustainable Development
		CSR Standards
			CSR in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises
		Critique and Future Agenda of CSR
		Cross-References
		References
	Corporate Sustainability
	Cradle to Cradle
	Cradle to Cradle: An Eco-effective Model
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Cradle to Cradle
			Introduction
			The Throw-Away Industrial Model
			Eco-efficiency Versus Eco-effectiveness
			The Cradle to Cradle Framework
				Waste Equals Food
				Use Current Solar Income
				Celebrate Diversity
			The Cradle to Cradle Certification
			Criticism of C2C
			Future of C2C
		Cross-References
		References
	Cradle-to-Cradle Packaging
D
	Dangerous Substances
	Decarbonization: A Method to Ensure Equity and Justice in Addressing Climate Change
		Definition
		Introduction
			Carbonization: Green House Effect and Climatic Change
			Carbon and Climate Change
		Energy Sources and Environmental Crises
		Decarbonization
			Decarbonizing Electricity Generation
			Decarbonizing Transport
			Decarbonizing Built Environment
			Decarbonizing Industrial Production
			Recarbonizing Soil
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Diffusion of Vegan Food Innovations: A Dual-Market Perspective
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Dual-Market Model
		Methods
		Restauranteurs´ Perceptions of the Market
		Strategies to Reach the Main Market
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Digital Enterprise
E
	Eco-effective Packaging (Packaging World 2018)
	Eco-entrepreneurship
	Eco-friendly Packaging (Designs That Are Reusable or Recyclable)
	Eco-industrial Network
	Eco-industrial Parks
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Eco-Industrial Parks
		Introduction
			Characteristics of Eco-Industrial Parks
			Historical Evolution of Eco-Industrial Parks
			Review of Previous Works on Eco-Industrial Parks
			Eco-Industrial Parks in Practice
			Discussion and Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Ecological Debt
	Ecological Economics
	Ecological Packaging (ESKO 2018)
	Economic Competitiveness: An Overview of Multilevel Concept
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Economic Competitiveness: Evolution of Definitions, Types
			Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Economic Competitiveness
			Different Levels of Competitiveness and Its Measurement
				Global Level
				Microeconomic Level
		Link Between Global Competitiveness and Firm´s Actions
		Discussions
		Cross-References
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Economic Growth and Long-Term Competitiveness: Contribution of the Private Sector
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainable Economic Growth: Three Dimensions
		Corporate Approaches to Sustainable Growth
			The Altruistic Approach
			The Normative Approach
			The Instrumentalist Approach
				Cost Reduction
				Increase Revenue by Differentiation
				Improve the Efficacy and the Efficiency of the Value Chain
				Improve Labor Productivity
				Build, Maintain, or Improve Reputation
				Improve Firm´s Market Value (FMV)
				Improve Corporate Governance and Relationships with Stakeholders
		Corporate Sustainable Growth: From Theory to Practice
		Cross-References
		References
	Ecopreneurship
	Efficient Use of Natural Resources
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Measuring Resource Efficiency
			Domestic Material Consumption
			Material Footprint
			Resource Efficiency and Decoupling
			Barriers to Effectivity of Resource Efficiency
		Regulations and Initiatives
			Regulatory Approaches
			Resource Efficiency in Practice
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Empowering and Mobilizing Youth for SDG 12
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Characteristics of Youth Empowerment
			Civic Engagement
			Democratic Participation
			Social Innovation
		Potentialities and Barriers in Young People´s Sustainable Behavior
			Qualities of Young People and Their Relation with Sustainable Consumption
			Difficulties and Possibilities of Promoting Sustainable Consumption in Young People
		Possible Actions or Ways for Empowering and Mobilizing Youth for Sustainable Consumption
			Developing Cross-Cutting Sustainability Competencies in the University Curriculum
			Strategies for Youth Empowerment
			Working on Motivation Through Global Sustainability
		Final Considerations
		Cross-References
		References
	Enforcement
	Environment
	Environmental Accounting: Concept, Methodology, and Application
		Synonyms
		Definition
		What Is Environmental Accounting
		Process of Environmental Accounting
		Environmental Costs
			The Types of Environmental Costs
			Environmental Cost Centers
		The Importance of Environmental Costs
		Environmental Accounting for Reporting
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental and Social Impacts of Food Waste
		Definition
		Introduction
		Food Waste Is a Social and Environmental Issue
			Food Waste Is a Social Issue
			Food Waste Is an Environmental Issue
		Food Waste Across the World
		Food Loss at Different Stages of the Food Supply Chain
		Reducing Food Waste
			Reducing Food Waste at the Individual Level
			Food Waste Reduction at the Government Level
			Examples of Food Waste Reduction
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
	Environmental Awareness
	Environmental Entrepreneurship/Enviropreneurship
	Environmental Finance
	Environmental Human Resource Management
	Environmental Impact Analysis
	Environmental Impacts
	Environmental Locus of Control
	Environmental Management Accounting
	Environs
	Escalating Resource Use: Securing Resources for the Future
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Sustainable Development
		Sustainability Models and Proponents
			The United Nations Sustainable Development Model
			Prism of Sustainable Development
			The Egg of Sustainability and Well-being
			The Pillars and the SDGs
		Sustainable Production and Consumption
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	External Business Environment
	Externalities
F
	Factories for the Future: Toward Sustainable Smart Manufacturing
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Background: Concepts and Technologies of Factories of the Future
		Research Methodology
		Results and Discussions: Fostering Sustainable Smart Manufacturing
			Integrating Industry 4.0 and Sustainability: Theories and Applications
			Opportunities and Challenges Toward Sustainable Smart Manufacturing
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Factory of the Future
	Fair Trade
		Definition
		Introduction
		Fair Trade
		The Fair Trade Consumer
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Farming
	Firm-Level Competitiveness
	Fitness
	Fresh Water Needs and Conservation
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Social Development Impacts
		Water Quality
			Land Use/Land Cover Impacts
			Biological Diversity and Fresh Water Quality
		References
G
	Global Food Waste
		Definitions
		Global Food Waste: Challenges and Action Toward SDG 12.3 Target
			Introduction
			Global Food Waste: Definitions and Causes
			Food Waste Accounting
				Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard (FLW Standard)
				FUSIONS Quantification Manual
			Indicators to Monitor SDG 12.3
			Examples of Initiatives Being Developed Worldwide to Tackle Food Waste
				The Food Loss and Waste Protocol
				Champions 12.3
				World Wildlife Fund (WWF): Food Waste
				EU Platform on Food Waste and Food Losses
				Rethinking Food Waste (ReFED)
				SAVE FOOD initiative
			Action Toward Target 12.3
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Green and Sustainable Finance
		Definitions
		Introduction
		History of Sustainable Finance
		Sustainable vs Traditional Finance
		Business Case
		Barriers to Scaling Up Sustainable Finance
		Options to Scale Up Sustainable Finance
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Green Chemistry for Sustainable Production and Consumption Patterns
		Definition
		Introduction
		Soil Contamination and Phytoremediation as a Sustainable Solution
		Final Considerations
		References
	Green Debt
	Green Entrepreneurship
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Conventional Entrepreneurship Versus Green Entrepreneurship
		Characteristics of Green Entrepreneurs
		Opportunity Recognition
		Environmental Changes Increase the Demand for Green Products and Services
		Transformational Role of Green Entrepreneurship: Building a Green Economy
		Green and Sustainable Business Models
		Green Entrepreneurship as a Promoter of SDG 12: Sustainable Consumption and Production
			Key Issues
				Greenwashing
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Green Growth
	Green HRM
	Green Human Resource Management
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction: The Logic Form Implementing Green HRM
		How to Implement Environmental Sustainability: Green HRM as a Bottom-Up Approach
		Green Human Resource Practices
			Practices Oriented Toward Improving Employees´ Green Abilities
				Green Recruitment and Selection
				Green Education and Training
			Practices Oriented Toward Improving Employees´ Motivations to Engage in Environmental Issues
				Pay and Reward Systems
				Green Appraisal and Performance Management
			Practices Oriented Toward Increasing Employees´ Opportunities to Contribute to Environmental Sustainability
				Green Communication
				Green Teams
				Empowerment and Supportive Managerial Behaviors
		Alignment Among Green HRM Practices
		The Role of Green HRM in Sustainable Development Goals
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Green Procurement
	Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		Definition
		Introduction
		Greenhouse Gases: Types, Sources, and Consequences
			Carbon Dioxide
			Methane
			Surface-Level Ozone (O3)
			Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
			Fluorinated Gases (Halocarbons)
			Aerosols
			Water Vapor
		Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Current Global Situation, Retrospection, and Possible Scenarios
		Ways Out: Sustainable Production and Consumption
			Sustainable Production
			Sustainable Consumption
		Trading Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		Cross-References
		References
H
	Hazardous Chemicals
	Hazardous Substances
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Substances of Concern Based on Hazard Criteria
		Carcinogens
		Endocrine Disruptors
		Sensitizers
		Heavy Metals
		Persistent Organic Pollutants
		Volatile Organic Compounds
		Ozone-Depleting Substances
		Pesticides
		Micropollutants
		Cross-References
		References
	Health
	Healthiness
	Heartiness
I
	Impact
	Impacts on Environment and on Human Health
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Health Problems
		Sustainable Development and Human Health Problem
		Paths Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
			Websites
	Importance
	Impress
	Improving the Quality of Life of Urban Communities in Developing Countries
		Definition
		Introduction
		Concept of and Perspectives on QoL
			Measuring Quality of Life
			Importance and Challenges of QoL Assessment
		Relationship Between QoL and SD
			QoL Project Sustainability
			QoL and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		Approaches and Case Studies of Projects for Improving People´s QoL
			Key Approaches for Improving the QoL of Populations
				Healthcare Delivery
				Housing Provision
				Education and Literacy
				Water and Sanitation Services
				Livelihood Opportunities
			Case Studies of QoL Projects
				Case I: Community-Based Poverty Alleviation Project in Kebbi State, Nigeria
				Case II: Community-Based Rural Development Project in Burkina Faso
		Conclusion
		References
	Industrial Ecology in Support of Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Historical View of Sustainable Development Goals
		Industrial Ecosystem Versus Industrial Ecology
		Industrial Ecology and Capacity for the Sustainable Production
		Circular Economy and Sustainable Consumption and Production Issue
		Industrial Ecology and Capacity for Sustainable Production: The Intersection
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Industrial Ecosystem
	Industrial Park
	Industrial Symbiosis
	Industrial Symbiosis: Context and Relevance to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Evolution of Industrial Symbiosis
			Industrial Symbiosis Inspiration: Kalundborg
			Industrial Symbiosis and Eco-Industrial Parks
			Industrial Symbiosis in Practice
		Critical Topics in Industrial Symbiosis
			Geographic Proximity and Colocation
			Self-Organization
			Complex Adaptive Systems
			Social Networks, Learning, and Innovation
			Metrics and Evaluation
		Typology Development in Industrial Symbiosis
		Tools and Approaches
			Material and Location-Based Tools
			Social and Stakeholder-Based Tools
			Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Tools
		Future Opportunities
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Industry 4.0
	Influence
	Informal Recycling Sector (IRS), Contribution to the Achievement of the SDGs, and a Circular Economy
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Informal Recycling Sector: A Theoretical and Historical Perspective to Understand Its Role in Solid Waste Management and Contr...
			Introduction
			Theoretical Approaches
				Marxist and Neo-Marxist theory
				Urban Political Ecology (UPE)
				Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE)
				Ecological Economics: An Umbrella Including Urban Metabolism, Industrial Ecology, Life Cycle Thinking, and Circular Economy
			An Ancestral Occupation and Its Drivers
				``Scavenging: A Historical Perspective´´ (Adapted from Medina 2007)
					Prehistory and Antiquity
					Middle Age, Renaissance, and Early Modernity
					Nineteenth Century
				Drivers for SWM and the Beginning of Regulation
				The IRS, SWM, and the SDGs
					From the Public Health Driver
					From the Environmental Driver
					From the Resource Value Driver
					From the Inclusivity Driver
			Role and Size in SWM
				Barriers to Formalization
			Path Forward
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Integrated Assessment
	Interaction
	Internal Business Environment
	Internally Oriented Values and Sustainable Behavior
		Definition
		Introduction
		Concept of Values
		Values Impact on Behavior
		Concept of Internally Oriented Values
		Internally Oriented Values and Consumer Behavior
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
L
	Lean Manufacturing and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Lean Principles and Philosophy
			Value and Value Stream
			Flow
			Just-In-Time and Pull Control
			Kaizen: Seeking for Perfection
		Connection Between Lean and Sustainability
		Discussion
		Cross-References
		References
	Lean Production
	Learning System
	Legislation
	Life Cycle Analysis C
	Low Carbon Growth: Economic Progress from the Planet´s Perspective
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Global Warming, Climate Change, and Its Impacts
		The Transition to Low Carbon Growth
		The Transition to Clean Energy
			Solar Energy
			Wind Energy
			Hydroelectric Power
			Geothermal Energy
			Bioenergy
			Nuclear Energy
		The Role of Natural Gas in the Transition
		Forestry´s Role in the Transition
		Planetary Boundaries, Low Carbon Growth, and SDG 12
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
M
	Macro Environment
	Market Distortions Encouraging Wasteful Consumption
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Basic Concepts and Theories
			Basic Ideas About Consumption
			Classical Economy: Optimal Resource Use in Perfect Market Waste in Reality
			Alternative Economy: Call for Sufficiency and Equality
		Market Failures and Market Distortions
			Consumers Are Not Informed Enough
			Consumers Are Emotionally and Culturally Influenced
			Consumers Do Not Pay for the Cost of Waste
		Suggestions for Policy Reform and Future Research
		Cross-References
		References
	Mass Market and the Rise of Consumption
		Definition
		Mass Market: Emergence and Rise
		Consumption Versus Consumerism
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Material Flow Analysis
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Individual Activities of Material Flow
			The Input-Output Principle
			Types of Individual Material Flow Activities
		Process Chains of Material Flow
			Flowcharts
			Swim Lane Diagrams
			Precedence Diagrams
			Spaghetti Diagrams
		Product Life Cycle View of Material Flow
		Improvement of Material Flow
		Simulation as a Tool in the Analysis of Material Flow
			Elements of Modeling and Simulation of Material Flow
			An Example of Simulation in the Material Flow Within a Manufacturing Facility
		Discussion
		Cross-References
		References
	Material Flow Investigation
	Material Flow Study
	Material Footprint of Consumption (MF of Consumption)
	Material Footprint: Understanding Resource Efficiency by Considering Actual Raw Material Consumption
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Quantification and Assessment of Economy-Wide Material Requirements
			Traditional Approach: Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) Based on Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounting (EW-MFA)
			From DMC to Material Footprint (MF)
				Criticism About DMC as Indicator
				Ecological Rucksack and MIPS Concept to Describe Resources Embedded in Products and Services
				Toward and Economy-Wide Assessment of Indirect and Direct Resource Flows: Raw Material Equivalents (RMEs) to Calculate the Raw...
				Material Footprint (MF) as a Synonym to RMC
			Methods to Determine the Material Footprint
			MF According to the International Resource Panel (IRP) and the UN Environment IRP Global Material Flows Database
		MF and DMC Reporting in the SDG Indicator System
			DMC and MF: A Tier 1 and a Tier 3 Indicator
			Where to Find MF and DMC Data Collected Within the SDG Framework
		A More Comprehensive Picture of Resource Consumption
		MF and DMC Both Have Their Justification
		Cross-References
		References
	Material Productivity
	Materiality: From Accounting to Sustainability and the SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		What Is Materiality?
			Introduction to Materiality
			Roots and Purpose of the Concept
			Bringing Materiality in the Context of Nonfinancial Issues
			Materiality in Practice
			Materiality: Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Medium
	Microenvironment
	Micro-service Providers
	Middle-Class Consumers and Consumerism as a Lifestyle
		Definition
		Middle-Class Consumers Through History
		Middle-Class Contemporary Composition and Its Differences Between Developed and Emergent Countries
		Impacts of Continuous Growth of Middle-Class Consumption
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Milieu
	Move
	Multiple Faceted
	Mutuality
N
	National Competitiveness
	Natural Capital and Ecological Ecosystem Services: Methods of Measuring Socio-economic Value of Nature
		Definition
		Introduction
		History of the Concept and Two Basic Approaches
		Ecological Ecosystem Services
		Natural Capital Quality Evaluation Methods
		Criticism, Problems, and Actions for the Future
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Net-Zero-Emissions Growth
	Nonhuman Rights and Human Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Rights of Nature
			Religious and Legal Traditions Define Humanity as Supreme
			A Twentieth-Century Environmental Awakening
			Legal Scholarship Considers Taking Nature Seriously
			Indigenous Worldview Rises Internationally
		Possible Challenges to Human Mastership
			Primitivism
			Veganism
			Animal Rights Philosophy
			Animals and Legal Personhood
			Conservation Biology
		Human Sustainability: Discussion and Conclusion
		References
O
	Operational Environment
	Organizational Environment
P
	Participation
	Perceived Behavioral Control
	Perceived Consumer Effectiveness
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conceptualization
		Related Constructs
		Relevance of PCE for Sustainable Development Goal 12
		Relevance of PCE in Different Domains of Sustainable Consumption
		Implications
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Plastic Packaging, Recycling, and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Strategies for Sustainable Management of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW)
			Technological Plastic Bottles´ Recycling Strategies and Methods
				Mechanical Recycling
				Chemical Recycling
			Environmental Concerns and Legislation Strategies
			Economic Strategies
			Social Strategies
			Market Strategies
		Sustainable Packaging: An Innovative Way Toward Sustainable Development
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Plastics Recycling
	Pollution Prevention and Control Strategies, Implications, and Challenges
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Types of Pollution
		Socioeconomic Implications of Pollution Prevention Initiatives and Policies
		Challenges for Pollution Prevention
		Practical Examples of Pollution Prevention and Control Around the World
		Relationship with Some Sustainable Development Goals
		Final Considerations and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Precautionary Principle
	Prevention of Wastes: Concept and Its Implementation
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Prevention of Waste
		Type and Hazardousness of Waste
		Programs and Initiatives
		Prevention of Waste Around the World
			Austria
			Finland
			Germany
			California, USA
			England
			Asia
			Brazil
		How to Measure the Prevention of Waste
		Motivations and Barriers for Waste Prevention
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Priority Substances
	Proactive Management
	Procurement
	Promote Local Culture and Products
		Synonyms
		Definition
		The Natural Context of Culture
		The Local Culture and Its Value
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
R
	Rapid Prototyping
	Raw Material Consumption (RMC)
	Reach
	Reclaimers
	Recoupling
	Recover
	Recyclers
	Recycling of Materials for Sustainable Development: Reasons, Approaches, Economics, and Stakeholders of Recycling
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Reasons for Recycling
		Approaches and Methods of Recycling
		Economics of Recycling
		Stakeholders´ Implication in Recycling
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Recycling Wastewater for Reuse
		Definition
		Introduction
		Need of Water Recycling
		Sustainable Water Policy
		Reasons for Rising Wastewater and Its Impact
		Application of Recycled Wastewater
		Water Recycling in Textile Industry
			Textile Effluent Recycling Techniques
		RO Technology for Water Recycling
		Cross-References
		References
	Regional Competitiveness
	Regulated Self-Responsibility
	Regulatory Risk Management of Chemicals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Chemicals Management in the Context of Sustainable Development Goal 12
		Political and Normative Context: Johannesburg Goals and SAICM Process
		Institutional Framework
			International Agreements
			REACH: Legal Framework Addressing the Life Cycle of Chemicals
				Regulatory Approach
				Registration of Substances (No Data, No Market)
				Dossier and Substance Evaluation
				Authorization
				Restriction
				Inclusive Governance
				Classification and Labelling
				Practical Experiences
			Conclusion: SAICM Basic Elements in REACH
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Relevance
	Reporting Weaknesses
	Reprocess
	Resource Efficiency
	Resource Synergy
	Responsible Consumption in Anthropocene
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Defining Responsible Versus Conventional Consumption
		Factors Influencing Consumption Patterns
		Paving the Way Toward Responsible Consumption: Participatory Design
		Historical Insights
		Applying Transdisciplinary Design
		A Way Toward Behavioral Change
		Encouraging Responsible Consumerism
		Concluding Remark
		References
	Responsible Production
	Responsible Supply Chain Management
	Reuse, Reduce, Recycle
		Definition
		Introduction
		3Rs´ Overview
		Impacts and Benefits of 3Rs
		Implementation of 3Rs
		3Rs and Circular Economy
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Risk Management
	Robustness
	Role and Responsibility of the Consumer(s) in Sustainable Consumption
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Consumption Impact
		The Ecological Footprint
		An International Agenda: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		Consumer´s Logic and Positional Consumerism: Between Needs and Wants
		Attitude-Behavior Gap and Limitations of Consumer´s Change
		Product´s Life Cycle
		Responsibility of the Consumer(s)
		Concluding Remarks: Tackling the Global Impacts of Consumption - A Shared Responsibility
		Cross-References
		References
S
	SAICM
	Sap
	Self-Efficacy
	Setting
	Significance
	Slavery and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Modern Slavery
		Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking
		Sustainable Development and Modern-Day Slavery
			United Nations Stance on Modern Slavery
		NGO Activism and Modern Slavery
		Business and Modern Slavery
		Forward Direction
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Smart Factory
	Smart Manufacturing
	Social Aspects of Sustainability
		Definitions
		Sustainability and Human Well-Being
		Human Well-Being and Social Aspects
		Technical Frameworks: Reporting and Assessment
			Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
			Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
			Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA)
		Definition of Goal and Scope of the Case Study
			Social Significance
			Empirical Limitations
			Identical Elements
			Change of Socially Effecting Behavior
		Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
		Life Cycle Impact Assessment
		Life Cycle Interpretation
			Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Manufacturing and Open Design
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		From Idea to Innovation
		Emerging Paradigms
		Open Design and Social Manufacturing
		What Platforms Exist Today for Open Design and Social Manufacturing?
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Procurement
	Social Sustainability and Continuous Learning in the Circular Economy Framework
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Aspects of Sustainable Development and Manufacturing
		Drivers for Social Sustainability
			Societal, Technological, and Economical Push
			Sustainable Manufacturing
			Social and Political Implications
		Expectations and Future Visions for Socially Sustainable Manufacturing
		Continuous Learning as Basis for Sustainability in Europe
			Needs from the Field
			Methods to Teach Future Workers: Learning and Teaching Factories
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Socio-ecological Balance
	Soundness
	Stakeholders´ Dialogue and Engagement
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Reflections and Comprehensions
		Stakeholder Dialogue
		Stakeholder Engagement
		Stakeholder Dialogue and Engagement on Sustainability Practices
		Beyond Sustainability Practice
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Strike
	Student Empowerment for Sustainable Consumption
	Student-Led Action for Sustainable Consumption
	Substances of Concern
	Supply Chain Management
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Relevance of SCM for Sustainable Development Goal 12
		Political and Normative Context: Supply Chain Management as an Essential Element for SCP
		SCMS Main Challenges and Related Benchmark Criteria
			Product Design Based on Life Cycle Thinking (Toward a Circular Economy)
				Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
				Chemicals in Products and Processes
				Integrated LCA-Supported Design Thinking
			Additional Social and Ethical Criteria
			Strategic Approach: Corporate Governance and Culture
		Operational Level: Managing Benefits and Risks
			Integrated Risk Management
			Supplier Relationship: From Control to Integration
			Closed-Loop Supply Chain
			Transparency and Traceability of Material Flows and Production Conditions
			Multi-stakeholder Cooperation
		Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Surroundings
	Sustainability
	Sustainability Assessment and Reporting of Companies
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sustainability Assessment
			Sustainability Assessment Tools
			Sustainability Assessment from a Systemic Perspective
		Sustainability Reporting (SR)
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainability Assessment Through Internalization of Environment and Society
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Integration of Sustainability into the Building and Construction Sector
		Internalization of Environment and Society into Sustainability Assessment
		Developing Pillars and Sub-Pillars
			Developing Sub-Pillars in the Economic Pillar
			Developing Sub-Pillars in the Environmental Pillar
			Developing Sub-Pillars in the Societal Pillar
		Determining Weightings of Pillars and Sub-Pillars
		Discussions and Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainability Assessment: Sustainability Measurement
	Sustainability Awareness
	Sustainability Management in Supply Chains
	Sustainability of Local Cultures and Products
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Family-Based Agriculture and Local Cultures
		Local Organic Production
		Local Sustainable Production and Consumption
		Agriculture and Local Food Production
		Final Considerations
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Competitiveness at the National, Regional, and Firm Levels
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Different Levels of Competitiveness
			National-Level Competitiveness
			Regional-Level Competitiveness
			Firm-Level Competitiveness
		Sustainable Competitiveness
			National and Regional Sustainable Competitiveness
			Firm-Level Sustainable Competitiveness
		Measurement of Competitiveness
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Consumer Lifestyles/Sustainable Consumption
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Consumption
		The Relationship Between Sustainable Consumption and Sustainable Consumer Lifestyles
			Anti-consumption
			Boycott Behavior
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Consumption
	Sustainable Development
	Sustainable Development Self-Efficacy
	Sustainable Growth
	Sustainable Packaging
	Sustainable Packaging: Concept, Materials, and Tools for Design
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Sustainability Issues of Packaging
			What Is Sustainable Packaging?
			The Purpose of Packaging
			Types of Packaging and Basic Terms
			Packaging Materials
			Is Packaging Sustainability Measurable?
			Environmental Impact of Packaging
		Regulation of Packaging Sustainability and Legislative Requirements
		Methods and Tools Used for the Design of Sustainable Packaging
			Frameworks for the Sustainable Packaging Design
			Design for Recyclability
		Examples of Sustainable Packaging Designs
		References
	Sustainable Production
	Sustainable Production Practices to Address Climate Change
		Definition
		Introduction
		Why Do We Need to Adopt Sustainable Production Practices
		Production in Different Sectors and the Challenges of Sustainability
			Mining and Quarrying
			Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
			Manufacturing, Processing, and Construction Sector
			Fashion and Textile
		The Market of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) and the Concept of Sustainability
		Impact of Sustainable Production on Realization of Other SDGs
		Reflections
		Conclusion
		References
	Sustainable Production: Decoupling the Creation of Goods and Services from Unsustainable Resource Use and Environmental Degrad...
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The System of Production and Consumption
		SDG12 Targets Related to Sustainable Production
		The 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns (10YFP)
			Contents and Context of the 10YFP
			Following Up the 10YFP in the SDG Framework
		Opportunities for Sustainable Production
			Life Cycle Thinking
			Eco-Innovation and Eco-Efficiency
			Cleaner Production
			Circular Economy
			Industrial Symbiosis
			Design-Oriented Approaches: Eco-Design, Design for Recycling, and Design for Sustainability
			Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
			Ending Planned Obsolescence
		Conclusions and Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Public Procurement: Concept and Principles
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		International Framework for Sustainable Public Procurement
		Sustainability as a Principle for SPP
		Ethical Perspective of SPP
		Principles of SPP
		Shared Purchase System of Sustainable Public Procurement
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Supply Chain Management
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Reverse Logistics and Other Preceding Terms
		Green Supply Chain Management
		Sustainable Supply Chain Management
			Integrating Sustainability in Supply Chain Governance Mechanisms and Top Management
			Integrating Sustainability at the Operational Level
			Integrating Sustainability at the Product Level
			Transferring Sustainability to Supply Chain Partners and Monitoring Sustainability
		Paths Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainable Tourism/Ecotourism
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Tourism
			What Is Sustainable Tourism?
			Principles of Sustainable Tourism
				Environmental Sustainability
				Sociocultural Sustainability
				Economic Sustainability
				Responsible Tourism
			Challenges for Sustainable Tourism
		Ecotourism
			What Is Ecotourism?
			Principles of Ecotourism
				Minimize Impact
				Small Scale
				Benefit for Conservation
				Benefit and Empowerment for Local People
				Build Environmental and Cultural Awareness
				Recognize Rights of Local People
			Challenges for Ecotourism
		Cross-References
		References
	Sway
T
	Terrain
	Top Executives
	Top Management Commitment
	Top Management Involvement and Role in Sustainable Development of Companies
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Sustainable Development Goals in Companies
			Top Management Involvement
		Role of Top Management in Integration of Sustainability Issues
			Commitment
			Sustainability Strategy Making: Arriving at the Starting Point
			Sustainability Strategy Making: Process
				Top-Level-Based Sustainability Planning
				Pragmatic Planning
			Institutionalization of Sustainability
				Governance Structures
				Chief Sustainability Officer/Chief Executive of CSR: Evidence on Company Performance
				Decentralization Versus Centralization
				Outsider Versus Insider
				Board of Directors Must Exercise Stewardship Role
				Organizational Change for Sustainability
		CEO Decision-Making for Sustainability
			Key Themes Influencing Decision-Making
			Trade-Offs and Tensions Between Financial, Environmental, and Social Objectives
				Strategies for Managing Tensions
				Strategies to Reduce Short-Termism
			Managerial Capabilities Needed for Triple Bottom Line Performance
			Diversity in Top Management Team (Upper Echelons Theory)
			Informal Systems: Leadership, Organizational Culture, and People
			Selected Challenges in Sustainability Decision-Making
				Large Companies
				Requirement for Business Case for Sustainability
				CEO Learning: Cognitive Limitations
				Unethical Motivations
				Adjusting CEO Incentives
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Toward Sustainable Global Energy Production and Consumption
		Definition
		Ensuring the Provision of Sustainable Energy Services at Global Scale
			Introduction to the Topic and Current Trends
			Negative Impacts Arising from Global Energy Production and Consumption
			The Way Forward
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Toyota Production System (TPS)
	Traceability
	Transparency
	Triple Bottom Line
	Triple Bottom-Line Assessment
U
	Upcycle
W
	Waste Pickers
	Waste-Free Packaging (US Chamber of Commerce 2018)
	Water Use and Its Crisis in the World
		Definition
		Water
		Multiple Uses of Water
		Water Stress in the World
		Programs to Address Global Water Crisis
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Wellness
	Wholeness
	Wholesomeness