Regulation of Innovative Technologies: Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Computing

Preface
Table of Cases
Table of U.S. Statutes, Presidential Executive Orders and European Union Directives
	Federal Statutes
	State Statutes
	Presidential Executive Orders (EO)
		President William Jefferson Clinton
		President Barack Obama
		President Donald Trump
		President Joseph Biden
	European Union Regulations, Directives, Proposals, and Misc. Documents
		Regulations
		Directives
		Miscellaneous EU Documents
Other Publications by Authors
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Overview of Current Innovative Technologies
	Introduction
	Stages of Technological Developments
		Twenty-First-Century Technological Developments
		Stages of Technological Progress
	Blockchain, Bitcoin, and Other Cryptocurrencies Basics
		Blockchain as the Basis for Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies
	Artificial Intelligence
		Definitions of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
	Quantum Computing
		Quantum Computing Basics
		National Quantum Initiative Act
		Additional White House Initiatives
Chapter 2: Regulation of Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies
	Cryptocurrencies
		Nature and Types of Currencies
		Types of Currencies
	Bitcoin
		Classification of Bitcoin and Alternative Cryptocurrencies
	US Federal Agencies’ Regulation of Virtual Currencies
		Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
		Statutes and Regulations Cited by the SEC for Civil Complaints
		SEC Enforcement of Registration Requirements
		Crypto Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
		Carbon Neutral Bitcoin ETF Proposed Rule Change
		Crowdfunding Exemption
		Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Enforcement Cases
		Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
		Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)
		The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020
		FinCEN’s Proposed Rules
		Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
		FTC Enforcement
		Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
		Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)
		OFAC’s Framework for Compliance
		OFAC’s Advisory Regarding Possible Sanctions for Ransomware Facilitation
		Presidential Directives Regarding China
		Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
		Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Goals and Enforcement
		Ransomware
		Possible Breakthroughs in Bitcoin Identification
		The Encryption Debate
		Internal Revenue Service (IRS): Tax Issues Raised by Cryptocurrencies Transactions
		IRS Enforcement
		Pending Legislation
		G-7 Agreement on Taxation of Tech Profits
		Future US Government Issued Central Bank Digital Currency?
		US Senate Hearing on Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Technology
Chapter 3: Regulation of Artificial Intelligence
	US Federal Government Regulation of AI Presidential Initiatives
	President Barack Obama’s Initiatives
	President Obama’s Executive Order 13609
	President Donald Trump’s Initiatives
		President Trump’s Executive Order 13859
		President Trump’s Executive Order 13959
	President Joseph Biden’s AI Initiatives
	Congressional Enactments
		National AI Initiative Act of 2020
		National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI) Final Report
	Federal Agencies
		Agencies’ AI Initiatives
		Department of Transportation (DOT)
		Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
		Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
		Government Accountability Office (GAO)
	Non-governmental AI Initiatives
		Additional Recommendations by Noted Sources
		IEEE
		Miscellaneous Initiatives Respecting AI
			City of New York Ordinance
			AI Bill of Rights Proposal
Chapter 4: Critical Issues Arising from Current and Emerging Technologies
	Right of Privacy
		Right of Privacy Development
		Privacy Act of 1974
		HIPAA
		HITECH ACT
		COPPA
		GLBA
			Restatement of Torts
		Right of Privacy in Cyberspace
	Facial Recognition
		Accuracy and Bias Issues
		Emotions Software
		Government Regulation
	Cell Phones Privacy
	Global Positioning System (GPS) Data
		Attachment of GPS Tracking Devices
		Geofence Warrants
	Automated License Plate Recognition
		History and Prevalence of ALPRs in the US
		Transformation Via Emerging Technologies
		Privacy Concerns
		Federal and State Regulation
			Federal Regulation
			State Regulation
	Regulation of Biotechnology
Chapter 5: States’ Regulation of Artificial Intelligence
	States’ Right to Privacy Enactments
		California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA)
		Comparison of GDPR and CCPA
		Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act
		Colorado Privacy Act
		Additional State Data Privacy Laws and Regulations
		Nevada
		Maine
		Vermont
		Miscellaneous Statutes: New York City
	Data Privacy Protection for Children
		Children’s Data Privacy
		States’ Protection of Online Privacy Rights of Children
		California
		Delaware
	Cybersecurity
		Cybersecurity Legislation
		New York State SHIELD Act and Regulation of Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies
		Oregon Consumer Information Protection Act
		Additional Comparable Laws and Regulations
		US States’ Biometric Statutes and Enforcement—Illinois
		Additional Enactments or Proposed Enactments by States
		Litigation by States Against Tech Companies
	States’ Regulation of Blockchain and Virtual Currencies
		Regulation of Cryptocurrencies
		New York State (NYS) Bitlicense
		NYS Prosecutions: Bitfinex, Tether, and Coinseed
		States that Pose Minimal Requirements
		Model Regulation of Virtual Currency Businesses Act
		Conference of State Bank Supervisors’ (CSBS) Model Regulatory Framework for Virtual Currencies
		Money Transmitter Legislation
		Uniform Law Commission (ULC) Model—Uniform Money Services Act
		Conference of State Banking Supervisors Model—Money Transmission Regulation
	Alternatives to Government Regulation
		Problems of Government Regulation
		Organizational Codes of Conduct
		The Toronto Declaration
		The Asilomar AI Principles
		Google’s (Alphabet’s) Code of Conduct and Controversy
Chapter 6: Regulation of Antitrust and Intellectual Property Rights
	Antitrust
		Summary of Basic Provisions of US Antitrust Regulation
		Emerging Technologies and Antitrust Implications
		Blockchain and Antitrust Implications
		FTC/DOJ Guidelines
		Private Litigation
		OECD Blockchain Issues Paper
		AI and Emerging Antitrust Implications
		FTC Enforcement Actions
		FTC v. Facebook—2021 Litigation
		Supreme Court’s Limitations on FTC Remedies
		Use of Algorithms
		Antitrust Issues Raised by Major Online Service Providers
		Google Federal Antitrust Actions
		Class Action Litigation
		Legislative Proposals to Curb Unlawful Behavior
		House Subcommittee Report
		President Biden’s Executive Order to Promote Competition
		Exemption from Liability: §230 of Communications Decency Act
		Limitations of §230 Exemption
		FOSTA-SESTA Amendments
		Additional Congressional Reactions from §230 Exemption
		International Regulation of ISP Content Immunity: EU Directives
		China’s Enforcement of Antitrust Law
	Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
		Overview of IPR
		Fair Use in Copyright
		Who May Own a Copyright?
		Blockchain and IPR
		AI and IPR
		WIPO and AI
		Precedents for Future AI Cases
		Quantum Computing (QC) and IPR
		TRIPS and IPR
Chapter 7: International Regulation of Emerging Technologies
	European Union
		Summary Composition of the EU
		Liability of Online Platforms
		General Principles
		Exemptions from Liability
		The European Data Protection Regulation
		General Principles Governing Processing of Personal Data
		Specific Provisions Applicable to Data Protection
		Remedies, Liabilities, and Penalties
		Major Regulations Governing Artificial Intelligence: White Paper
		Suggested EU Legislative Framework
		Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI
		Foundations of Trustworthy AI
		Realizing Trustworthy AI
		Assessing Trustworthy AI
		Harmonized Rules on Artificial Intelligence
		General Provisions
		Prohibited AI Practices
		Hi-Risk AI Systems
		Miscellaneous Additional Requirements
		Governance and Enforcement of AI Regulation
		EDPB-EDPS Joint Opinion
		Regulatory Enactments Aimed Primarily at US Digital Giants: Regulation of Markets and Services
		Digital Markets Act
		Obligations of Gatekeepers
		Investigations, Enforcement, and Penalties
		Digital Services Act
		Due Diligence Obligations
		Additional Obligations for Very Large Online Platforms
		Enforcement and Sanctions
		Additional Regulatory Enactments Governing Online Platforms
		Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
		Copyright Protection
		Product Liability
		Requirements Imposed on the Economic Operator
		Requirements of Market Surveillance Authorities
		Audio-Visual Media Services: Hate Speech
		Child Protection
		Contractual Liability
		Terrorist Content
		Quantum Computing
		US-EU Technology Coordination Agreement
		European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (aka Fundamental Rights Agreement—FRA)
	OECD
		OECD AI Recommendation
		OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2020
		World Economic Forum (WEF)
	People’s Republic of China
		China’s Technological Transition
		China Foray into Digital Currency
		China’s New Generation of Artificial Development Plan
		US Initiative in Response to China’s Program
	Selected Countries’ Regulation of Technology
		Great Britain
		Canada
		Russia
		Israel, the Middle East, and Africa
		Latin America
		Asia and the Pacific Region
	Conclusion
Conclusion
Index