Red Book 2021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases.

Summary of Major Changes in the 2021 Red Book
Section 1: Active and Passive Immunization
	Prologue
	Sources of Information About Immunization
	Discussing Vaccines With Patients and Parents
		Addressing Parents’ Questions About Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness
		Common Misconceptions About Immunizations
		Resources for Optimizing Communications With Parents About Vaccines
		Parental Refusal of Immunizations
		Immunization Documentation
	Active Immunization
		Vaccine Ingredients
		Vaccine Handling and Storage
		Vaccine Administration
		Managing Injection Pain
		Immunization Schedule and Timing of Vaccines
		Minimum Ages and Minimum Intervals Between Vaccine Doses
		Interchangeability of Vaccine Products
		Simultaneous Administration of Multiple Vaccines
		Combination Vaccines
		Lapsed Immunizations
		Unknown or Uncertain Immunization Status
		Vaccine Dose
		Active Immunization After Receipt of Immune Globulin or Other Blood Products
		Vaccine Safety
			Risks and Adverse Events
			National Academy of Medicine Reviews of Adverse Events After Immunization
			Immunization Safety Review
			Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety
			Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
			Vaccine Safety Datalink Project
			FDA CBER Sentinel Program
			Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project
			Vaccine Injury Compensation
			Hypersensitivity Reactions After Immunization
			Immediate-Type Allergic Reactions
			Delayed-Type Allergic Reactions
			Other Vaccine Reactions
	Passive Immunization
		Immune Globulin Intramuscular (IGIM)
		Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV)
		Immune Globulin Subcutaneous (IGSC)
		Treatment of Anaphylactic Reactions
	Immunization in Special Clinical Circumstances
		Immunization in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants
		Immunization in Pregnancy
		Immunization and Other Considerations in Immunocompromised Children
		Immunization in Children With a Personal or Family History of Seizures
		Immunization in Children With Chronic Diseases
		Immunization in American Indian/Alaska Native Children
and Adolescents
		Immunization in Adolescent and College Populations
		Immunization in Health Care Personnel
		Children Who Received Immunizations Outside the United States or Whose Immunization Status is Unknown or Uncertain
		International Travel
Section 2: Recommendations for Care of Children in Special Circumstances
	Breastfeeding and Human Milk
		AAP Recommendations on Breastfeeding
		Contraindications to Breastfeeding
		Immunization of Mothers and Infants
		Transmission of Infectious Agents via Human Milk
		Antimicrobial Agents and Other Drugs in Human Milk
		Anti-TNF Biologic Response Modifiers in Human Milk
	Children in Group Child Care and Schools
		Modes of Spread of Infectious Diseases
			Respiratory Tract Diseases
			Enteric Diseases
			Bloodborne Infections
			Other Infections
		Management and Prevention of Infectious Diseases
			Immunization
			Infection Control and Prevention
			Exclusion and Return to Care
	Infection Prevention and Control for Hospitalized Children
		Infection Prevention and Control Precautions
		Strategies to Prevent Health Care-Associated Infections
		Occupational Health
		Sibling Visitation
		Adult Visitation
		Pet Visitation
	Infection Prevention and Control in Ambulatory Settings
	Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents and Children
		STIs During Preventive Health Care of Adolescents
		Sexual Assault and Abuse in Children and Adolescents/Young Adults
	Medical Evaluation for Infectious Diseases for Internationally Adopted, Refugee, and Immigrant Children
		Consideration for Testing for Infectious Agents
			Hepatitis A
			Hepatitis B
			Hepatitis C
			Intestinal Pathogens
			Tissue Parasites/Eosinophilia
			Sexually Transmitted Infections
			Tuberculosis
			HIV Infection
			Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
			Other Infectious Diseases
	Injuries From Needles Discarded in the Community
		Wound Care and Tetanus Prophylaxis
		Bloodborne Pathogens
		Preventing Needlestick Injuries
	Bite Wounds
	Prevention of Mosquitoborne and Tickborne Infections
		General Protective Measures
		Repellents for Use on Skin
		Tick Inspection and Removal
		Other Preventive Measures
	Prevention of Illnesses Associated with Recreational Water Use
Section 3: Summaries of Infectious Diseases
	Actinomycosis
	Adenovirus Infections
	Amebiasis
	Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
	Anthrax
	Arboviruses
	Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Infections
	Ascaris lumbricoides Infections
	Aspergillosis
	Astrovirus Infections
	Babesiosis
	Bacillus cereus Infections and Intoxications
	Bacterial Vaginosis
	Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Other Anaerobic Gram-NegativeBacilli Infections
	Balantidium coli Infections (Balantidiasis)
	Bartonella henselae (Cat-Scratch Disease)
	Baylisascaris Infections
	Infections With Blastocystis Species
	Blastomycosis
	Bocavirus
	Borrelia Infections Other Than Lyme Disease (Relapsing Fever)
	Brucellosis
	Burkholderia Infections
	Campylobacter Infections
	Candidiasis
	Chancroid and Cutaneous Ulcers
	Chikungunya
	Chlamydial Infections
		Chlamydia pneumoniae
		Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis, Ornithosis, Parrot Fever)
		Chlamydia trachomatis
	Clostridial Infec
		Botulism and Infant Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
		Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)
		Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile)
		Clostridium perfringens Foodborne Illness
	Coccidioidomycosis
	Coronaviruses, Including SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV
	Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Infections (Cryptococcosis)
	Cryptosporidiosis
	Cutaneous Larva Migrans
	Cyclosporiasis
	Cystoisosporiasis (formerly Isosporiasis)
	Cytomegalovirus Infection
	Dengue
	Diphtheria
	Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Infections (Human Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, and Related Infections Attributable to Bacteria in the Family Anaplasmataceae)
	Serious Neonatal Bacterial Infections Caused by Enterobacteriaceae (Including Septicemia and Meningitis)
	Enterovirus (Nonpoliovirus) (Group A and B Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, Numbered Enteroviruses)
	Epstein-Barr Virus Infections (Infectious Mononucleosis)
	Escherichia coli Diarrhea (Including Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome)
	Other Fungal Diseases
	Fusobacterium Infections (Including Lemierre Syndrome)
	Giardia duodenalis (formerly Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) Infections (Giardiasis)
	Gonococcal Infections
	Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
	Haemophilus influenzae Infections
	Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
	Helicobacter pylori Infections
	Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses
	Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Bunyaviruses
	Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Filoviruses: Ebola and Marburg
	Hepatitis A
	Hepatitis B
	Hepatitis C
	Hepatitis D
	Hepatitis E
	Herpes Simplex
	Histoplasmosis
	Hookworm Infections (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)
	Human Herpesvirus 6 (Including Roseola) and 7
	Human Herpesvirus 8
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
	Human Papillomaviruses
	Influenza
	Kawasaki Disease
	Kingella kingae Infections
	Legionella pneumophila Infections
	Leishmaniasis
	Leprosy
	Leptospirosis
	Listeria monocytogenes Infections (Listeriosis)
	Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Infection)
	Lymphatic Filariasis (Bancroftian, Malayan, and Timorian)
	Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
	Malaria
	Measles
	Meningococcal Infections
	Human Metapneumovirus
	Microsporidia Infections (Microsporidiosis)
	Molluscum Contagiosum
	Moraxella catarrhalis Infections
	Mumps
	Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Other Mycoplasma Species Infections
	Nocardiosis
	Norovirus and Sapovirus Infections
	Onchocerciasis (River Blindness, Filariasis)
	Paracoccidioidomycosis (Formerly Known as South American Blastomycosis)
	Paragonimiasis
	Parainfluenza Viral Infections
	Parasitic Diseases
	Parechovirus Infections
	Parvovirus B19 (Erythema Infectiosum, Fifth Disease)
	Pasteurella Infections
	Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice)
	Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice)
	Pediculosis Pubis (Pubic Lice, Crab Lice)
	Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
	Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
	Pinworm Infection (Enterobius vermicularis)
	Pityriasis Versicolor (Formerly Tinea Versicolor)
	Plague
	Pneumocystis jirovecii Infections
	Poliovirus Infections
	Polyomaviruses (BK, JC, and Other Polyomaviruses)
	Prion Diseases: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
	Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii Infection)
	Rabies
	Rat-Bite Fever
	Respiratory Syncytial Virus
	Rhinovirus Infections
	Rickettsial Diseases
	Rickettsialpox
	Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
	Rotavirus Infections
	Rubella
	Salmonella Infections
	Scabies
	Schistosomiasis
	Shigella Infections
	Smallpox (Variola)
	Sporotrichosis
	Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
	Staphylococcus aureus
	Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Infections
	Group A Streptococcal Infections
	Group B Streptococcal Infections
	Non-Group A or B Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections
	Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcal) Infections
	Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
	Syphilis
	Tapeworm Diseases (Taeniasis and Cysticercosis)
	Other Tapeworm Infections (Including Hydatid Disease)
	Tetanus (Lockjaw)
	Tinea Capitis (Ringworm of the Scalp)
	Tinea Corporis (Ringworm of the Body)
	Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch)
	Tinea Pedis and Tinea Unguium (Onychomycosis) (Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm of the Feet)
	Toxocariasis
	Toxoplasma gondii Infections (Toxoplasmosis)
	Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis and Other Species)
	Trichomonas vaginalis Infections (Trichomoniasis)
	Trichuriasis (Whipworm Infection)
	African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
	American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
	Tuberculosis
	Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (Environmental Mycobacteria, Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
	Tularemia
	Louseborne Typhus (Epidemic or Sylvatic Typhus)
	Murine Typhus (Endemic or Fleaborne Typhus)
	Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum Infections
	Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections
	Vibrio Infections
		Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
		Other Vibrio Infections
	West Nile Virus
	Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections (Enteritis and Other Illnesses)
	Zika
Section 4: Antimicrobial Agents and Related Therapy
	Introduction
		Fluoroquinolones
		Tetracyclines
		Antimicrobial Agents Approved for Use in Adults but Not Children
		Cephalosporin Cross-Reactivity With Other Beta Lactam Antibiotics
	Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship:
Appropriate and Judicious Use of Antimicrobial Agents
		Antimicrobial Resistance
		Factors Contributing to Resistance
		Actions to Prevent or Slow Antimicrobial Resistance
		Antimicrobial Stewardship
		Role of the Medical Provider
		Principles of Appropriate Use of Antimicrobial Therapy for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
	Drug Interactions
	Tables of Antibacterial Drug Dosages
	Sexually Transmitted Infections
	Antifungal Drugs for Systemic Fungal Infections
		Polyenes
		Pyrimidines
		Azoles
		Echinocandins
	Recommended Doses of Parenteral and Oral Antifungal Drugs
	Topical Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections
	Non-HIV Antiviral Drugs
	Drugs for Parasitic Infections
	Systems-based Treatment Table
	MedWatch—The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event-Reporting Program
Section 5: Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
	Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
		Infection-Prone Body Sites
		Exposure to Specific Pathogens
		Vulnerable Hosts
	Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Pediatric Surgical Patients
		Guidelines for Appropriate Use
		Indications for Prophylaxis
		Surgical Site Infection Criteria
		Timing of Administration of Prophylactic Antimicrobial Agents
		Dosing and Duration of Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
		Preoperative Screening and Decolonization
		Recommended Antimicrobial Agents
	Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis
	Neonatal Ophthalmia
		Primary Prevention
		Secondary Prevention
		Legal Mandates for Topical Prophylaxis for Neonatal Ophthalmia
		Pseudomonal Ophthalmia
		Other Nongonococcal, Nonchlamydial Ophthalmia
Appendices
	I. Directory of Resources
	II. Codes for Commonly Administered Pediatric Vaccines/Toxoids and Immune Globulins
	III. Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases in the United States
	IV. Guide to Contraindications and Precautions to Immunizations
	V. Prevention of Infectious Disease From Contaminated Food Products
	VI. Clinical Syndromes Associated With Foodborne Diseases
	VII. Diseases Transmitted by Animals (Zoonoses)
Index