Radiation-stimulated Bulk and Surface Effects in Materials: monograph

Chapter 1
	1.    Introduction 6
	2.    Experimental and software-supported investigations 7
	3.   Modification of titanium alloys defect structure  by plastic
	deformation method 15
	3.1. Structural transformations in plastically deformed lloys of the Ti-Zr system 16
		3.2. Structure modification in the Ti-Al and Ti-In alloys 19
		3.3. Peculiarities of positrons annihilation in the deformed Ti-Sn  alloys 20
		3.4. Restoration of structure damages in plastically deformed titanium alloys 22
		3.5  The structure modification of Ti-V alloys system as a source  of packing defects 25
	4.  Radiation modificationof the titanium alloys properties 27
		4.1. Problem statement 27
		4.2. The methodology of materials irradiation on accelerator and  reactors 28
		4.3. Titanium structure modification as a result of electrons  irradiation 29
		4.4. Radiation induced modification of titanium structure at the helium
		ions irradiation 32
		4.5. The dose dependence of titanium alloys
		structure modification under б−particles irradiation 34
		4.6. The peculiarities of structure modification of
		titanium alloys irradiated by protons 34
		4.7. The metals and their alloys structure modificationunder neutron irradiation 37
	5.  Titanium alloys defect structure modification by hydrogen  saturation method 41
	Conclusion 44
1. Introduction 105
Chapter
1
	1. Introduction
	2. Experimental and software-supported investigations
		Figure 1 – Line and slot geometry circuit with pulse decomposition е--е+  – pair on components (a) and Fermi surface cross-section for gas of free electrons (b).
		Figure 2 – Schematic diagram of different methods
		of electron-positron annihilation (EPA).
		Figure 3 – The decomposition of the angular correlation spectra into components.
		Figure 4 – The APAD spectra normalized to a single area
		for annealed (1) and deformed (2) titanium.
	3. Modification of titanium alloys defect structure by plastic deformation method
		3.1. Structural transformations in plastically deformed lloys of the Ti-Zr system
		Figure 5 – The influence of deformation degree and alloying element concentration on titanium alloys structural-sensitive characteristics: 1 – Ti; 2 – Ti-2.7 at.% Zr; 3 – N(0)/S0 relationship; 4 – the в-phase content in alloy.
		Table 1. The в−phase content in Ti–2.7at.% Zr alloy.[i] – Accuracy ±0,05
		Figure 6 – Concentration dependencies of annihilation characteristics
		for Ti-Zr system alloys.
		3.2. Structure modification in the Ti-Al and Ti-In alloys
		Figure 7 – The concentration dependencies of annihilation parameters for Ti-In (1) and Ti-Al (2) deformed alloys systems.
		3.3. Peculiarities of positrons annihilation in the deformed  Ti-Sn alloys
		Figure 8 – The concentration dependencies of annihilation parameters
		for Ti-Sn system.
		3.4. Restoration of structure damages in plastically deformed titanium alloys
		Figure 9 – Annealing kinetics of Ti-Zr alloys.
		3.5. The structure modification of Ti-V alloys system as a source of packing defects
		Table 2. The packing defects probability and Ti-V alloys annihilation parameters.
		Figure 10 – The concentration dependencies of annealing kinetics for
		deformed Ti-V alloys: 1 – Ti; 2 – Ti – 2.0 at. %V; 3 – Ti – 4.6 at.%V; 4 – V.
	4. Radiation modificationof the titanium alloys properties
		4.1. Problem statement
		4.2. The methodology of materials irradiation on accelerator and reactors
		4.3 Titanium structure modification as a result of electrons irradiation.
		Table 3. The annihilation parameters dose dependence for titanium irradiated by electrons
		Figure 11 – The structure damages annealing in deformed and electron irradiated titanium 1- deformed on е =50%; 2- electron irradiated Ф1 = 1018 cm-2; 3 – electron irradiated Ф2= 1019cm -2.
		4.4. Radiation induced modification of titanium structure at the helium ions irradiation
		Figure 13 – Annealing kinetics of titanium alloys, irradiated by б – particles with
		Е = 50MeV: 1 – 1.2 at.% Ge 2 – 1.2 at.% Sn 3 – 2.9 at.% In.
		4.5 The dose dependence of titanium alloys structure modification under б−particles irradiation
		Figure 14 – Positrons capture efficiency dosage dependencies for
		Ti (1) and Ti–3.1 at.% Ge (2).
		4.6 The peculiarities of structure modification of titanium alloys irradiated by protons
		Table 4. The positrons annihilation probability in titanium alloys
		irradiated by protons
		Figure 15 – Kinetics of Ti (a) and Ti–7.6 at% Sn alloy (b) annealing under different types of exposure. 1 – deformed by е = 50%; 2 – irradiated by protons in a deformed state; and 3 – the same in an annealed state.
		4.7 The metals and their alloys structure modification under neutron irradiation
		Figure 16 – The concentration dependencies of annihilation relative probability for Ti-Al alloys, are subjected to plastic deformation (1) and neutron irradiation (2).
		Figure 17 – The dosage dependence of annihilation parameters change kinetics in Ti-Al alloys irradiated by fission neutrons (a) and Fermi momentum (b).
	5. Titanium alloys defect structure modification by hydrogen saturation method
		Table 5. Annihilation parameters of hydrogenated
		titanium alloys
	Conclusion
1. Introduction
Most of the materials that are being used in innovative technologies have complex composition, structure, and phase. They can be seriously affected by the irradiation of nuclear particles with high energy. Irradiation causes an excess formation of def...
If irradiation is created by heavy particles, the energy Ep obtained by the lattice atom can be very large. Then, the average distance between collisions can be equal to the interatomic distance. In these conditions, every atom on the way of the prima...
The most important characteristic of the collision is the energy, which is transmitted to the impinged atom. This energy that can change from zero in collisions at small angles to a maximum Ерmax at elastic head-on collision is given by
where Еand m – energy and mass of incident particle, M – mass of the target atom.
This ratio is used for nonrelativistic particles such as neutrons, protons, etc. For electrons with energy of the order of MeV, relativistic effects need to be considered. Then, this formula is modified:
where, me – rest mass of electron, с – speed of light.
The minimum energy Еmin needed for Еd energy transmission is equal to
.
This reasoning is not applicable for electrons and gamma-rays. In the case of electrons, the Еmin value is large, and there is a need to consider relativistic mechanics:
Gamma-rays do not directly displace atoms. They transmit their energy to the electrons of the atom. During collision with the lattice atoms, they lead them to displacement. Minimal energy of gamma rays, which is required for the displacement of atoms,...
– For the first time, throughthe Mössbauer effect study, the complexes annealing stages from isochronal annealing temperature have been defined. The processes of Mössbauer 57Co impurity atoms thermal diffusion in bcc metals has been investigated. In i...
– It has been experimentally established that the atoms mobility considerably increases in radiation damaged zones created by high-velocity charged particles, fission fragments, or ionized displaced atoms. As a consequence of the interaction of radiat...
– The systematical investigation of point radiation defects with substitutional impurity interaction were performed. The "impurity-interstitial" complexes’ stability temperature interval is indicated and their annealing stages have been determined. Th...
– It has been established that non-cubic charge distribution around a Mössbauer atom leads to the electric field gradient. This causes the nuclear levels’ hyperfine splitting, at the expense of quadrupole interaction, which emerges as two adsorption l...
– As a result of systematic investigations on Al57Co diluted alloys, we have shown the interstitial atom captured by 57Со impurities directly by the appearance of an additional "defect" line in Mössbauer emission spectrum.
– At the same time, for the purposes of its application to transportation of medicinal products to the fields of cancerous cells focused in human, the Mössbauer spectroscopy capability for nanoparticles properties was thoroughly investigated.