Racialization, Islamophobia and Mistaken Identity: The Sikh Experience

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
About the authors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
Introduction
	Methodology
	Analysis of media reporting
	Freedom of Information requests and police disclosures on the breakdown of ‘Islamophobic hate crime’ data
	Interviews
	Structure
	Notes
1 The evolution of the Sikh dharam and identity
	The Sikh dharam
	Guru Nanak and the succession of Gurus
	External identity: the formation of the Khalsa
	Identity: the turban
	Guru Granth Sahib, Dasam Granth and Rehatnamas
	Rehat Maryada
	Art
	Sikhs in the global diaspora
	Sikhs in the UK
	Accommodation of the turban
	Manchester City Council v. Sagar, bus driver
	Wolverhampton Council v. Tarsem Singh Sandhu, bus driver
	Turbans v. motorcycle helmets
	Turbans v. safety helmets
	Deregulation Act (2015)
	Mandla v. Dowell-Lee (1983)
	Notes
2 Sikhs in Britain post­9/11
	Introduction
	Analysing the Sikh experience through a British lens
	Post-war migration
	Racism since the late 1970s
	Anti-immigrant sentiment and the rise in anti-Islam politics
	The post-9/11 anti-Sikh backlash
	Verbal/physical attacks
	Attacks on social media
	Attacks on religious places of worship
	The American Sikh experience
	The British Sikh experience in context
	Conclusion
	Notes
3 UK – do Sikhs count?
	Introduction
	Policy agenda
	Government focus on Muslims and Jews
	Why were/are Sikhs ‘invisible’ to government?
	Police monitoring
	Recognition of anti-Sikh hate crime in political debates
	Community challenges government indifference since 2016
	Revised Runnymede report (2018)
	Sexual grooming gangs, ‘mistaken identity’ and Islamophobia
	Media representation and discussion
	Sikhs in the media
	Audit on ‘Islamophobia’ in the UK national newspapers
	Content of articles
	Inaccurate coverage of religion in the media
	Flaws in reporting hate crime figures in the news
	Conclusion
	Notes
Conclusion
	Underreporting
	Difference between a ‘hate crime’ and a ‘hate incident’ preventing reporting
	EU referendum
	Government and community action
	Government policies
	Government funding and resources
	Recording and reporting of hate crime
	Print media and online media representation
	Social media
	Improving religious literacy – government, media and schools
	Education
	Professional bodies and religious literacy
	Community activism
	Local activism and developing positive relations with local police authorities
	Media and social media activism
	Final remarks
	Notes
Glossary
Bibliography
	Books
	Journals
	Chapters in books
	Reports
	Government reports and documents
	Articles and online video content
	Films
Index