Quranic Arabic: From Its Hijazi Origins to Its Classical Reading Traditions

‎Contents
‎Preface and Acknowledgements
‎Transcription
‎Abbreviations
‎Sigla
‎Chapter 1. Introduction
	‎1.1. Previous Scholarship
	‎1.2. The Uthmanic Text Type and the Quranic Consonantal Text
	‎1.3. Overview
‎Chapter 2. What is the ʕarabiyyah?
	‎2.1. Introduction
	‎2.2. The Linguistic Variation in the ʕarabiyyah
		‎2.2.1. The Third Person Pronominal Suffixes
		‎2.2.2. The Extra Vowels of Early Classical Arabic
			‎2.2.2.1. i-umlaut
			‎2.2.2.2. III-y ʔimālah
			‎2.2.2.3. II-w/y ʔimālah
			‎2.2.2.4. The Fifth Long Vowel Ō
			‎2.2.2.5. The Front Rounded Vowel in Hollow Passives
		‎2.2.3. Najdi Vowel Harmony
		‎2.2.4. Najdi Syncope
			‎2.2.4.1. Syncope in the Verbs
			‎2.2.4.2. Syncope in Nouns
			‎2.2.4.3. Pronouns
			‎2.2.4.4. Li- + Apocopate for Commands
			‎2.2.4.5. Conclusions on the Syncope
		‎2.2.5. Barth-Ginsberg Alternation in the Prefix Vowel
		‎2.2.6. The Deictic Pronominal System
		‎2.2.7. Two Subsequent Hamzahs within a Single Word
	‎2.3. Where is Classical Arabic?
	‎2.4. Prescriptivism of the Grammarians
	‎2.5. Conclusion
‎Chapter 3. Classical Arabic and the reading traditions
	‎3.1. Introduction
	‎3.2. Reading or Recitation?
	‎3.3. Lack of Regular Sound Change
		‎3.3.1. Harmony of the Pronominal Suffixes
		‎3.3.2. Najdi Syncope
			‎3.3.2.1. Syncope in fa-huwa, wa-hiya Etc.
			‎3.3.2.2. Fa/wa-li-yafʕal > fa/wa-l-yafʕal
			‎3.3.2.3. CuCuC > CuCC
			‎3.3.2.4. CuCuCāt Plurals of CuCCah Nouns
			‎3.3.2.5. Faʕi/ul(ah) Nouns
			‎3.3.2.6. CaCi/uCa Verbs
			‎3.3.2.7. Conclusion
		‎3.3.3. Additional Phonemic Long Vowels
			‎3.3.3.1. Hollow Root Passives
			‎3.3.3.2. Hollow Root ʔimālah
			‎3.3.3.3. Phonemic Ē on III-y Nouns and Verbs
		‎3.3.4. Lexically Determined i-umlaut ʔimālah
		‎3.3.5. Dual Deictics
		‎3.3.6. Dialectal Difference in Short Vowels
			‎3.3.6.1. Cu/iCiyy(ah)
			‎3.3.6.2. CiCwān Nouns
			‎3.3.6.3. Mit- and Dim-
		‎3.3.7. Disagreement in Pluralization
		‎3.3.8. Cu/iyūC Plurals
		‎3.3.9. The Readings Do Not Reflect Natural Language
	‎3.4. The Readings Are Not Dialects
	‎3.5. Readers Usually Agree on the Hijazi Form
	‎3.6. The Readings Are Intentionally Artificial
		‎3.6.1. The Dropping of the Hamzah by Warš
		‎3.6.2. The ʔimālah of Word-Final Āri Sequences
		‎3.6.3. Vowel Harmony of -hum in Ruways ʕan Yaʕqūb’s Reading
		‎3.6.4. Ḥafṣ’ Anthology of Unusual Features
			‎3.6.4.1. Ṣilat al-hāʔ (Q25:69)
			‎3.6.4.2. III-y ʔimālah (Q11:41)
			‎3.6.4.3. Softening of Second Hamzah of Two Subsequent Hamzahs (Q41:44)
			‎3.6.4.4. Muttum instead of Mittum (Q3:157, 158)
			‎3.6.4.5. Unharmonized -hu (Q18:63; Q48:10)
			‎3.6.4.6. III-y/w Apocopates/Imperatives Followed by the 3sg.m. Pronoun
			‎3.6.4.7. Conclusion
		‎3.6.5. Plural Pronouns of Warš
		‎3.6.6. Features Dependent on the Structure of the Text
			‎3.6.6.1. ʔabū ʕamr’s Phonemic Contrast of Ā and Ǟ
			‎3.6.6.2. The Verse-Penultimate Conditioning of Qutaybah and Nuṣayr ʕan al-Kisāʔī
	‎3.7. The Choices of the Canonical Readers
	‎3.8. Conclusion
‎Chapter 4. The Quranic Consonantal Text: Morphology
	‎4.1. Introduction
	‎4.2. The ʔalla- Base Relative Pronoun
	‎4.3. The Distal Demonstrative Expansion with -l(i)- in ḏālika, tilka and hunālika
	‎4.4. The Plural Demonstratives (hā-)ʔulāʔi/(hā-)ʔulā; ʔulāʔika/ʔulāka
	‎4.5. Proximal Deictics with Mandatory hā- Prefix
	‎4.6. Feminine Proximal Deictic hāḏih
	‎4.7. Loss of Barth-Ginsberg Alternation
	‎4.8. Uninflected halumma
	‎4.9. Imperatives and Apocopates of II=III Verbs Have the Shape vCCvC Rather Than (v)CvCC
	‎4.10. Mā ḥiǧāziyyah
	‎4.11. The Morphosyntax of kāla
	‎4.12. The Presentative hāʔum
	‎4.13. The Use of Zawǧ as ‘Wife’
	‎4.14. Alternations between G- and C-stems
	‎4.15. Morphological Isoglosses Not Recognized by the Grammarians
		‎4.15.1. Ta- prefix in Prefix Conjugation of tD- and tL-stems
		‎4.15.2. N- prefix in the Suffix Conjugation of N-stems
		‎4.15.3. The ʔan yafʕala Verbal Complement Construction
		‎4.15.4. Use of the Definite Article al-
	‎4.16. Questionable Morphological Isoglosses
		‎4.16.1. The III-w Passive Participle Is maCCuww Not maCCiyy
		‎4.16.2. The Passive Participle of II-y Is maCīC Rather Than maCyūC
		‎4.16.3. Gt-stems of I-w verbs Is ītazara instead of ittazara
		‎4.16.4. The Hijazi Dual Is Uninflected, Using the Nominative Form
	‎4.17. The Quran Is Morphologically Hijazi
‎Chapter 5. The Quranic Consonantal Text: Phonology
	‎5.1. Introduction
	‎5.2. The Loss of the *ʔ
	‎5.3. Development of the Phoneme ō
	‎5.4. Lack of Cyī > Cī
	‎5.5. Passive of Hollow Verbs
	‎5.6. Retention of ṣirāṭ
	‎5.7. Lack of Syncopation of *u and *i
		‎5.7.1. vCCā Rhymes
		‎5.7.2. vCā Rhymes
		‎5.7.3. vCC Rhymes
		‎5.7.4. vC Rhymes
		‎5.7.5. Discussion
		‎5.7.6. Alternation between CuCuC and CuCC Nouns
	‎5.8. Development of the Phoneme ē
	‎5.9. Hollow Root ʔimālah
	‎5.10. Major Assimilation in Gt-stems.
	‎5.11. *raʔaya, *naʔaya > rāʔa, nāʔa
	‎5.12. Lexical Isoglosses
	‎5.13. Phonetic Isoglosses Not Recognized by the Grammarians
		‎5.13.1. Stative II=III Are ẓalla/ẓaltu or ẓiltu
		‎5.13.2. Pausal Shortening of Final -ī
		‎5.13.3. Word-Final āy/w > āʔ
		‎5.13.4. Pharyngealization of the Emphatics
	‎5.14. The Quran Is Phonologically Hijazi
	‎5.15. Conclusion
‎Chapter 6. Classicized Hijazi: imposition of the hamzah
	‎6.1. Introduction
	‎6.2. Pseudocorrect Hamzah
	‎6.3. Hamzah among the Quranic Readers
	‎6.4. Pseudocorrect Presence of Hamzah
		‎6.4.1. Ḍiyāʔ → ḍiʔāʔ
		‎6.4.2. Mūṣadah → muʔṣadah
		‎6.4.3. Ḍiʔzā
		‎6.4.4. Manōh → manāʔah
		‎6.4.5. ʕādan l-ʔūlā
		‎6.4.6. Durriyy → du/irrīʔ
		‎6.4.7. Maʕāyiš
		‎6.4.8. Måḡoḡ → Maʔǧūǧ
		‎6.4.9. Zakariyyā → Zakariyyāʔ
		‎6.4.10. Sāq, sāqay-hā, sūq → saʔq, saʔqay-hā, suʔq/suʔūq
		‎6.4.11. Kās → kaʔs
		‎6.4.12. Yuḍāhūna → yuḍāhiʔūna
		‎6.4.13. Aṣ-ṣābūna → aṣ-ṣābiʔūna
		‎6.4.14. Conclusion
	‎6.5. Failure to Insert hamzah
		‎6.5.1. Long Vowels Followed by Hamzah
			‎6.5.1.1. Nabīʔ, nabīʔīn, ʔanbiʔāʔ, nubūʔah
			‎6.5.1.2. Barīʔah/bariyyah
			‎6.5.1.3. Nasīʔ
			‎6.5.1.4. Xaṭīʔah pl. xaṭāyā ‘sin’
		‎6.5.2. Post-consonantal Hamzah
		‎6.5.3. Intervocalic Hamzah
			‎6.5.3.1. Riʔāʔa n-nās → riyāʔa n-nās
			‎6.5.3.2. Liʔallā → liyallā
			‎6.5.3.3. Kufuʔan, huzuʔan → kufuwan, huzuwan
			‎6.5.3.4. Bādiya r-raʔyi → bādiʔa r-raʔyi
		‎6.5.4. Pre-consonantal Hamzah
		‎6.5.5. Interchange between III-w/y and III-ʔ Verbs
		‎6.5.6. Sāla for saʔala (Q70:1)
		‎6.5.7. Šurakā-ya (Q16:27) for al-Bazzī ʕan Ibn Kaṯīr
	‎6.6. Conclusion
‎Chapter 7. Classicized Hijazi: final short vowels and tanwīn
	‎7.1. Lack of Final Short Vowels in the Reading Traditions
		‎7.1.1. Sabaʔ
		‎7.1.2. As-sayyiʔ
		‎7.1.3. Maḥyā-y
		‎7.1.4. Yā-bunay
		‎7.1.5. Yartaʕ/nartaʕ
		‎7.1.6. Tatran, tatrā, tatrē
		‎7.1.7. Tuḍār
		‎7.1.8. The 3sg.m. Suffix -h
		‎7.1.9. The Mysterious Letters
	‎7.2. Was ʔabū ʕamr’s Reading an ʔiʕrāb-less Reading?
		‎7.2.1. Al-ʔidġām al-kabīr
		‎7.2.2. I-umlaut
		‎7.2.3. Rawm and ʔišmām
		‎7.2.4. Tanwīn Blocks Assimilation
		‎7.2.5. A Non-literalist Reading of ʔabū ʕamr’s Traditions
		‎7.2.6. Ḥamzah’s ʔidġām kabīr
	‎7.3. A Phonetic Rule That Requires Absence of Full ʔiʕrāb
	‎7.4. Conclusion
‎Chapter 8. From Hijazi beginnings to Classical Arabic
	‎8.1. The Prophet’s Career
	‎8.2. The Uthmanic Recension (ca. 30AH/650CE)
	‎8.3. The Era of the Readers (ca. 40AH–250AH)
	‎8.4. Crystallization of Classical Arabic (ca. 250–350AH)
	‎8.5. Conclusion
‎Appendix A. Notes on Orthography, Phonology and Morphology of the Quranic Consonantal Text
	‎A.1. Introduction
	‎A.2. Orthography
		‎A.2.1. The Spelling of ā
		‎A.2.2. Questions of Double yāʔ, wāw and ʔalif
		‎A.2.3. ʔalif al-Wiqāyah
			‎A.2.3.1. ʔalif al-wiqāyah for Stem Final *uʔ
			‎A.2.3.2. Treatment of Stem-Final *ūʔ
			‎A.2.3.3. Treatment of Word-Final *āʔū
			‎A.2.3.4. Word-Final *aʔū
			‎A.2.3.5. Word-Final *aʔu(n)
			‎A.2.3.6. Word-Final *āʔu
			‎A.2.3.7. ‮الربوا‬‎, ‮ربا‬‎
			‎A.2.3.8. Summary
		‎A.2.4. Spelling of la- ‘Indeed’ as ‮لا‬‎
		‎A.2.5. The Prepositions ʕalā, ḥattā and ladā Are Often Spelled ‮حتا، علا، لدا‬‎
		‎A.2.6. Words Starting with /l/ Preceded by the Definite Article.
		‎A.2.7. Historical Hamzah Spelling with ‮اى‬‎
		‎A.2.8. The Spelling of dāwūd as ‮دواد‬‎ and ruʔūs as ‮رواس‬‎
		‎A.2.9. Plene Spelling of Short u
		‎A.2.10. Defective Spelling of Word-Final Long Vowels before ʔalif al-waṣl
	‎A.3. Phonology
		‎A.3.1. Consonants
		‎A.3.2. The Loss of the Hamzah
		‎A.3.3. Vowels
		‎A.3.4. Loss of Final Short Vowels and tanwīn
		‎A.3.5. Assimilation Across Vowels
		‎A.3.6. Pausal Shortening of -ī
		‎A.3.7. *sayyiʔāt as ‮سيات‬‎ Reflecting /sayyāt/
		‎A.3.8. A Case of N-Assimilation?
		‎A.3.9. The Genitilic Adjective Ending
		‎A.3.10. ʔalif al-waṣl
		‎A.3.11. An Isolated Case of Word-Initial *wu > ʔu
	‎A.4. Morphology
		‎A.4.1. Independent Pronouns
		‎A.4.2. Clitic Pronouns
		‎A.4.3. Verbal Endings
		‎A.4.4. Demonstrative Pronouns
		‎A.4.5. Relative Pronouns
		‎A.4.6. The Relative Possessive Demonstrative
		‎A.4.7. Short Compound Interrogatives with mā
		‎A.4.8. Noun Inflection
		‎A.4.9. III-w and III-y Nouns with Preceding a Vowel.
		‎A.4.10. III-w/y and III-ʔ Nouns
		‎A.4.11. Nouns in *-āʔ in Construct
		‎A.4.12. Confusion between Subjunctive and Apocopate
		‎A.4.13. Partial Merger of III-ʔ Verbs and III-y/w Verbs
		‎A.4.14. Pausal Imperatives/Apocopates of III-y/w Verbs Iqtadih, yatasannah
		‎A.4.15. Partial Merger of the I-ʔ and I-w Verbs in Derived Stems
		‎A.4.16. /yak/ besides /yakun/
		‎A.4.17. *raʔaya ‘to See’ and *naʔaya ‘to Be Distant’ as ‮را‬‎ and ‮نا‬‎
‎Appendix B. Orthographic Comparison
	‎B.1. Samāwāt, naḥ(i)sāt, rawḍāt
	‎B.2. Yī with Two yāʔs
	‎B.3. ʔalif al-wiqāyah on yaʕfū/yaʕfuwa
	‎B.4. Lack of ʔalif al-wiqāyah on Words Ending in -waw
	‎B.5. Spelling of saʕaw and ʕataw
	‎B.6. Luʔluʔ
	‎B.7. Raʔaw
	‎B.8. Al-malaʔu
	‎B.9. Nabaʔu(n)
	‎B.10. Balāʔ
	‎B.11. ʔanbāʔ, ʔabnāʔ, duʕāʔ
	‎B.12. Fuʕalāʔ plurals
	‎B.13. Našāʔu
	‎B.14. Ǧazāʔu
	‎B.15. Ribā
	‎B.16. ʔasāʔū
	‎B.17. Dāwūd
	‎B.18. Ruʔūs
	‎B.19. Bi-smi
	‎B.20. Ibn ʔumma/I, ya-bana ʔumma/i
	‎B.21. La-ttaxaḏta
	‎B.22. Al-munša/iʔāt
	‎B.23. Genitive Construct Nouns in Ending in -āʔi
	‎B.24. ʔawliyāʔ in Construct
	‎B.25. ʔadʕiyāʔihim
	‎B.26. Arjih, nabbiʔnā, nabbiʔ, nabbiʔhum, ʔanbiʔhum
	‎B.27. Fa-ǧtabā-hu, ʕuqbā-hā
	‎B.28. Maḍā
	‎B.29. Hātayni
‎Bibliography
‎Index of Tribes, Groups and Regions
‎Index of Subjects
‎Index of Modern Authors
‎Index of Medieval Muslim Figures and Authors
‎Index of Quranic verses