Quantum Mechanics in the Single Photon Laboratory

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Author biographies
		Muhammad Hamza Waseem
		Faizan-e-Ilahi
		Dr Muhammad Sabieh Anwar
	Abbreviations
	List of quantum optics experiments
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Classical nature of light
		2.1 Electromagnetic waves
		2.2 Polarization
			2.2.1 The polarization ellipse
			2.2.2 Polarization manipulation
			2.2.3 Jones calculus
			2.2.4 Stokes parameters
		2.3 Experimental explorations
			2.3.1 Light source and detection
			2.3.2 Understanding, manipulating and measuring polarization using Jones calculus
			2.3.3 Fourier analysis and peanut plots
			2.3.4 Interference and erasure of which-way information
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Quantum nature of light
		3.1 Quantum mechanical states
		3.2 Qubits
		3.3 Transforming quantum states
		3.4 Measuring quantum states
		3.5 Composite systems and entangled states
		3.6 Mixed states and the density matrix
		3.7 Photon statistics
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Experiments related to the quantum nature of light
		4.1 General components of the lab
			4.1.1 Light source
			4.1.2 Light detection
			4.1.3 Coincidence counting unit
		4.2 Q1: Spontaneous parametric downconversion
			4.2.1 The downconversion crystal and phase-matching
			4.2.2 Optical alignment
			4.2.3 Accidental coincidence counts
			4.2.4 The experiment
		4.3 Q2: proof of existence of photons
			4.3.1 Photodetection and degree of second-order coherence
			4.3.2 Accidental coincidences
			4.3.3 The optical setup
			4.3.4 The experiment
		4.4 Q3: Estimating the polarization state of single photons
			4.4.1 Reconstructing the single-photon polarization state
			4.4.2 Generating and measuring polarization states
			4.4.3 The experiment
		4.5 Q4: Visualizing the polarization state of single photons
			4.5.1 Antenna polarimetry and the polarization pattern method
			4.5.2 Polarization pattern of single photons
			4.5.3 The experiment
		4.6 Q5: Single-photon interference and quantum eraser
			4.6.1 The polarization interferometer and quantum erasure
			4.6.2 Aligning the interferometer
			4.6.3 The experiment
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Experiments related to entanglement and nonlocality
		5.1 Entanglement and local realism
		5.2 The proverbial Alice and Bob experiment
		5.3 Generating polarization-entangled photons
		5.4 NL1: Freedman’s test of local realism
			5.4.1 Freedman’s inequality
			5.4.2 Quantum mechanical prediction for Freedman’s test
			5.4.3 Tuning the Bell state
			5.4.4 The experiment
		5.5 NL2: Hardy’s test of local realism
			5.5.1 The Hardy inequality
			5.5.2 Quantum mechanical prediction for Hardy’s test
			5.5.3 The experimental setup
			5.5.4 Aligning the detectors
			5.5.5 Tuning the Hardy state
			5.5.6 Measuring probabilities with four detectors
			5.5.7 The experiment
		5.6 NL3: CHSH test of local realism
			5.6.1 The CHSH inequality
			5.6.2 Quantum mechanical prediction for the CHSH test
			5.6.3 Tuning the Bell state
			5.6.4 The experiment
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Quantum state tomography
		6.1 Qubits, Stokes parameters and tomography
			6.1.1 The Bloch sphere for pure states
			6.1.2 The Bloch sphere for density matrices
			6.1.3 Stokes parameters as projections of the state on the Bloch sphere
		6.2 Single-qubit tomography
		6.3 Two-qubit tomography
		6.4 Nonideal measurements and compensation of errors
		6.5 Maximum likelihood estimation
		6.6 The experiment
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Conclusion
		References
APP1.pdf
	Chapter
		Optical elements
		Mechanical elements
		Actuators and controllers
		Detection and coincidence counting unit
		Testing of FPGA
		Q1: Spontaneous parametric downconversion
		Q2: Proof of existence of photons
		Q3: Estimating the polarization state of single photons
		Q4: Visualizing the polarization state of single photons
		Q5: Single-photon interference and quantum eraser
		NL1: Freedman’s test of local realism
		NL2: Hardy’s test of local realism
		NL3: CHSH test of local realism
		QST: Quantum state tomography
APP2.pdf
	Chapter
		B.1 Introduction
		B.2 Architecture
		B.3 Configuring the FPGA
			B.3.1 Designing the system
			B.3.2 Implementing the design
APP3.pdf
	Chapter