Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals

Cover
Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the author
Abbreviations
	Acronyms
	Nomenclature
	Symbols
Foreword
Preface
1 Introduction
	1.1 Biomass conversion technologies
		1.1.1 Biochemical conversion
		1.1.2 Thermochemical conversion
	1.2 Biomass decomposition and pyrolysis products
		1.2.1 Slow pyrolysis products
		1.2.2 Fast pyrolysis products
	1.3 Pyrolysis kinetics
	1.4 Reactor technologies for fast pyrolysis
	1.5 Liquid product distribution
	1.6 Pyrolysis and the US national biofuels agenda
	1.7 Feedstock challenges and U.S. Department of Agriculture approach
	1.8 Pyrolysis technologies logic model
	References
2 Thermal pyrolysis
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Space-time evolution of pyrolysis products in a fluidized bed
	2.3 Pyrolysis product yield
	2.4 Product’s physical and fuel properties
	2.5 Product stability
	2.6 Product chemical composition and distribution
	2.7 Effect of temperature
	2.8 Sustainability
	References
3 Catalytic fast pyrolysis
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Fluid catalytic cracking of bio-derived feedstock
	3.3 Screening catalysts for biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis
	3.4 Scale-up into continuous process with downselect catalysts
	3.5 Catalysts deactivation and regeneration
	3.6 Ex situ catalytic pyrolysis
	3.7 Catalytic pyrolysis and metals balance
	3.8 Metal-modified ZSM-5 catalysts for biomass pyrolysis
	3.9 Start-up challenges of commercial catalytic fast pyrolysis biorefineries
	References
4 Reactive pyrolysis
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Tail gas reactive pyrolysis
		4.2.1 Reaction atmosphere
		4.2.2 Yield and distribution of tail gas reactive pyrolysis products
		4.2.3 Product analysis
		4.2.4 Static bed and various reactive gas atmospheres
	4.3 Temperature effect on deoxygenation
	4.4 Hydropyrolysis
		4.4.1 Noncatalytic hydropyrolysis
		4.4.2 Catalytic hydropyrolysis
	4.5 Copyrolysis with plastics
		4.5.1 Biogenic carbon in copyrolysis product pool
		4.5.2 Biomass–plastic copyrolysis via tail gas reactive pyrolysis
	4.6 Other reactive environments—solvents
	References
5 Condensed-phase pyrolysis oil upgrading
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Screening hydrodeoxygenation catalysts with model compounds
	5.3 Hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oils
	5.4 Distillation
		5.4.1 Distillation pre- and posthydrodeoxygenation
	5.5 Infrastructure compatibility of hydrodeoxygenation products
	5.6 Extraction
	5.7 Transfer hydrogenation
	References
6 Combustion applications of pyrolysis liquids
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Characteristics of pyrolysis oil—fuel blends for combustion
		6.2.1 Viscosity changes
		6.2.2 Spray characteristics
		6.2.3 Spray droplet sizes
	6.3 Pyrolysis oil/diesel fuel emulsions
	6.4 Steady state combustion
	References
7 Pyrolysis conversion technology systems and integration
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Developmental scales
	7.3 Distributed on-farm/in-forest biorefining
		7.3.1 Mobile pyrolysis systems
	7.4 Integrated pyrolysis biorefinery systems
	References
8 Biorefinery performance measurements
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mass balance, energy, and exergy analysis
		8.2.1 Energy balance
		8.2.2 Exergy balance
	8.3 Economics of production and combustion of pyrolysis oil
		8.3.1 Case scenario 1—equine waste for localized hot water heating
			8.3.1.1 Process
		8.3.2 Case scenario 2—electricity production with Eucalyptus-derived bio-oil in Brazil
	8.4 Economics of colocated pyrolysis biorefinery
	8.5 Techno-economic and exergetic life cycle assessment
		8.5.1 The process
		8.5.2 Performance measurement
	8.6 Economics of cofeeding pyrolysis oil with vacuum gas oil in petro/biorefinery
		8.6.1 Performance measurements
	References
9 Energy crops—biomass resources and traits
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Harvest time and cultivar on fast pyrolysis
		9.2.1 Harvest time affects pyrolysis yield production
	9.3 Mineral compositional effects on pyrolysis products
	9.4 Implications for optimal harvest time
	9.5 Proteinaceous energy crops
	References
10 Pyrolysis solid coproducts and usage
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Biochar characterization
	10.3 Biochar applications
		10.3.1 Pulverized fuel
		10.3.2 Carbon sequestration
		10.3.3 Soil amendment
			10.3.3.1 Fertilizer/plant health
			10.3.3.2 Ion exchange/contaminants absorption
			10.3.3.3 Biocidal inactivation
	10.4 Bio-green coke
	References
Appendix to Chapter 6
Index
Back Cover