Psychological Testing: History, Principles and Applications (7th Edition)

Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Implementation and Attributes of Psychological Testing
	Topic 1A: The Nature and Uses of Psychological Testing
		The Consequences of Testing
			Case Exhibit 1.1: True-Life Vignettes of Testing
		Definition of a Test
		Further Distinctions in Testing
		Types of Tests
		Uses of Testing
		Factors Influencing the Soundness of Testing
		Standardized Procedures in Test Administration
		Desirable Procedures of Test Administration
			Sensitivity to Disabilities
			Desirable Procedures of Group Testing
		Influence of the Examiner
			The Importance of Rapport
			Examiner Sex, Experience, and Race
		Background and Motivation of the Examinee
			Test Anxiety
			Motivation to Deceive
	Topic 1B: Ethical and Social Implications of Testing
		The Rationale for Professional Testing Standards
			Case Exhibit 1.2: Ethical and Professional Quandaries in Testing
		Responsibilities of Test Publishers
			Publication and Marketing Issues
			Competence of Test Purchasers
		Responsibilities of Test Users
			Best Interests of the Client
			Confidentiality and the Duty to Warn
			Expertise of the Test User
			Case Exhibit 1.3: Overzealous Interpretation of the MMPI
			Informed Consent
			Obsolete Tests and the Standard of Care
			Responsible Report Writing
			Communication of Test Results
			Consideration of Individual Differences
		Testing of Cultural and Linguistic Minorities
			Background and Historical Notes
			The Impact of Cultural Background on Test Results
		Unintended Effects of High-Stakes Testing
		Reprise: Responsible Test Use
Chapter 2: Origins of Psychological Testing
	Topic 2A: The Origins of Psychological Testing
		Rudimentary Forms of Testing in China in 2200 b.c.
		Physiognomy, Phrenology, and the Psychograph
		The Brass Instruments Era of Testing
			Galton and the First Battery of Mental Tests
			Cattell Imports Brass Instruments to the United States
		Rating Scales and their Origins
		Changing Conceptions of Mental Retardation in the 1800s
			Esquirol and Diagnosis in Mental Retardation
			Seguin and Education of Individuals with Mental Retardation
		Influence of Binet's Early Research on his Test
		Binet and Testing for Higher Mental Processes
		The Revised Scales and the Advent of IQ
	Topic 2B: Testing from the Early 1900s to the Present
		Early Uses and Abuses of Tests in the United States
			First Translation of the Binet-Simon Scale
			The Binet-Simon and Immigration
			Testing for Giftedness: Leta Stetter Hollingworth
			The Stanford-Binet: The Early Mainstay of IQ
		Group Tests and the Classification of Wwi Army Recruits
			The Army Alpha and Beta Examinations
		Early Educational Testing
		The Development of Aptitude Tests
		Personality and Vocational Testing after WWI
		The Origins of Projective Testing
		The Development of Interest Inventories
		The Emergence of Structured Personality Tests
		The Expansion and Proliferation of Testing
		Evidence-Based Practice and Outcomes Assessment
Chapter 3: Norms and Reliability
	Topic 3A: Norms and Test Standardization
		Raw Scores
		Essential Statistical Concepts
			Frequency Distributions
			Measures of Central Tendency
			Measures of Variability
			The Normal Distribution
			Skewness
		Raw Score Transformations
			Percentiles and Percentile Ranks
			Standard Scores
			T Scores and Other Standardized Scores
			Normalizing Standard Scores
			Stanines, Stens, and C Scale
			A Summary of Statistically Based Norms
		Selecting a Norm Group
			Age and Grade Norms
			Local and Subgroup Norms
			Expectancy Tables
		Criterion-Referenced Tests
	Topic 3B: Concepts of Reliability
		Classical Test Theory and the Sources of Measurement Error
		Sources of Measurement Error
			Item Selection
			Test Administration
			Test Scoring
			Systematic Measurement Error
		Measurement Error and Reliability
		The Reliability Coefficient
		The Correlation Coefficient
		The Correlation Coefficient as a Reliability Coefficient
		Reliability as Temporal Stability
			Test–Retest Reliability
			Alternate-Forms Reliability
		Reliability as Internal Consistency
			Split-Half Reliability
			The Spearman-Brown Formula
			Critique of the Split-Half Approach
			Coefficient Alpha
			The Kuder-Richardson Estimate of Reliability
			Interscorer Reliability
			Which Type of Reliability is Appropriate?
		Item Response Theory
			Item Response Functions
			Information Functions
			Invariance in IRT
		The New Rules of Measurement
		Special Circumstances in the Estimation of Reliability
			Unstable Characteristics
			Speed and Power Tests
			Restriction of Range
			Reliability of Criterion-Referenced Tests
		The Interpretation of Reliability Coefficients
		Reliability and the Standard Error of Measurement
			Computing the Standard Error of Measurement
			The SEM and Individual Test Scores
			The SEM and Differences between Scores
Chapter 4: Validity and Test Construction
	Topic 4A: Basic Concepts of Validity
		Validity: A Definition
		Content Validity
			Quantification of Content Validity
			Face Validity
		Criterion-Related Validity
			Characteristics of a Good Criterion
			Concurrent Validity
			Predictive Validity
			Validity Coefficient and the Standard Error of the Estimate
			Decision Theory Applied to Psychological Tests
		Construct Validity
		Approaches to Construct Validity
			Test Homogeneity
			Appropriate Developmental Changes
			Theory-Consistent Group Differences
			Theory-Consistent Intervention Effects
			Convergent and Discriminant Validation
			Factor Analysis
			Classification Accuracy
		Extravalidity Concerns and the Widening Scope of Test Validity
			Unintended Side Effects of Testing
			The Widening Scope of Test Validity
			Utility: The Last Horizon of Test Validity
	Topic 4B: Test Construction
		Defining the Test
		Selecting a Scaling Method
			Levels of Measurement
		Representative Scaling Methods
			Expert Rankings
			Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals
			Method of Absolute Scaling
			Likert Scales
			Guttman Scales
			Method of Empirical Keying
			Rational Scale Construction (Internal Consistency)
		Constructing the Items
			Initial Questions in Test Construction
			Table of Specifications
			Item Formats
		Testing the Items
			Item-Difficulty Index
			Item-Reliability Index
			Item-Validity Index
			Item-Characteristic Curves
			Item-Discrimination Index
			Reprise: The Best Items
		Revising the Test
			Cross Validation
			Validity Shrinkage
			Feedback from Examinees
		Publishing the Test
			Production of Testing Materials
			Technical Manual and User’s Manual
			Testing Is Big Business
Chapter 5: Intelligence and Achievement: Theories and Tests
	Topic 5A: Theories of Intelligence and Factor Analysis
		Definitions of Intelligence
			Expert Definitions of Intelligence
			Case Exhibit 5.1: Learning and Adaptation as Core Functions of Intelligence
			Layperson and Expert Conceptions of Intelligence
		A primer of Factor Analysis
			The Correlation Matrix
			The Factor Matrix and Factor Loadings
			Geometric Representation of Factor Loadings
			The Rotated Factor Matrix
			The Interpretation of Factors
			Issues in Factor Analysis
		Galton and Sensory Keenness
		Spearman and the g Factor
		Thurstone and the Primary Mental Abilities
		Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory
			Definitions of CHC Broad Ability Factors
			Utility of CHC Theory
		Guilford and The Structure-of-Intellect Model
		Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (Pass) Theory
		Information Processing Theories of Intelligence
		Gardner and the Theory of Multiple Intelligences
		Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
	Topic 5B: Individual Tests of Intelligence and Achievement
		Orientation to Individual Intelligence Tests
		The Wechsler Scales of Intelligence
			Origins of the Wechsler Tests
			General Features of the Wechsler Tests
		The Wechsler Subtests: Description and Analysis
			Information
			Digit Span
			Vocabulary
			Arithmetic
			Comprehension
			Similarities
			Letter–Number Sequencing
			Picture Completion
			Picture Concepts
			Block Design
			Matrix Reasoning
			Object Assembly
			Coding
			Symbol Search
			Cancellation
			Visual Puzzles
			Figure Weights
		Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV
			WAIS-IV Standardization
			Reliability
			Validity
		Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV
		Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth Edition
			The SB5 Model of Intelligence
			Routing Procedure and Tailored Testing
			Special Features of the SB5
			Standardization and Psychometric Properties of the SB5
		Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-4
		The Cognitive Assessment System-II
		Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 (KBIT-2)
		Individual Tests of Achievement
			Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-II (KTEA-II)
		Nature and Assessment of Learning Disabilities
			The Federal Definition of Learning Disabilities
			The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities Definition
			The New Face of Learning Disabilities: Response to Intervention
			Essential Features of Learning Disabilities
			Causes and Correlates of Learning Disabilities
			Achievement Tests in LD Assessment: A Final Word
Chapter 6: Ability Testing: Group Tests and Controversies
	Topic 6A: Group Tests of Ability and Related Concepts
		Nature, Promise, and Pitfalls of Group Tests
		Group Tests of Ability
			Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II 
(MAB-II)
			A Multilevel Battery: The Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)
			Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM)
			Perspective on Culture-Fair Tests
		Multiple Aptitude Test Batteries
			The Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)
			The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
			The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)
		Predicting College Performance
			The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)
			The American College Test (ACT)
		Postgraduate Selection Tests
			Graduate Record Exam (GRE)
			Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)
			Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
		Educational Achievement Tests
			Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS)
			Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT)
			Lexile Measures
			Tests of General Educational Development (GED)
			Additional Group Standardized Achievement Tests
	Topic 6B: Test Bias and Other Controversies
		The Question of Test Bias
			The Test-Bias Controversy
			Criteria of Test Bias and Test Fairness
			The Technical Meaning of Test Bias: A Definition
			Bias in Content Validity
			Bias in Predictive or Criterion-Related Validity
			Bias in Construct Validity
			Reprise on Test Bias
			Case Exhibit 6.1: The Impact of Culture on Testing Bias
		Social Values and Test Fairness
			Unqualified Individualism
			Quotas
			Qualified Individualism
			Reprise on Test Fairness
		Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence
			Genetic Contributions to Intelligence
			Environmental Effects: Impoverishment and Enrichment
			Teratogenic Effects on Intelligence and Development
			Effects of Environmental Toxinson Intelligence
		Origins and Trends in Racial IQ Differences
			Early Studies of African American and White IQ Differences
			The Genetic Hypothesis for Race Differences in IQ
			Tenability of the Genetic Hypothesis
			Recent Trends in Race Differences in IQ
		Age Changes in Intelligence
			Early Cross-Sectional Research
			Sequential Studies of Intelligence
			Age and the Fluid/Crystallized Distinction
		Generational Changes in IQ Scores
Chapter 7: Assessing Special Populations
	Topic 7A: Infant and Preschool Assessment
		Assessment of Infant Capacities
			Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale 
(NBAS)
			Bayley-III
			Devereux Early Childhood Assessment-Clinical Form (DECA-C)
			Additional Measures of Infant Capacity
		Assessment of Preschool Intelligence
			Differential Ability Scales-II
			Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV (WPPSI-IV)
			Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales for Early Childhood
		Practical Utility of Infant and Preschool Assessment
			Predictive Validity of Infant and Preschool Tests
			Practical Utility of Infant Scales
			Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII)
		Screening for School Readiness
			Qualities of a Good Preschool Screening
Instrument
			Instruments for Preschool Screening
		Dial-4
			Denver II
			Home
			Background and Description
			Technical Features
	Topic 7B: Testing Persons with Disabilities
		Origins of Tests For Special Populations
		Nonlanguage Tests
			Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised
			Human Figure Drawing Tests
			Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude
			Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-4 (TONI-4)
		Nonreading and Motor-Reduced Tests
			Case Exhibit 7.1: The Challenge of Assessment in Cerebral Palsy
			Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV
		Testing Persons with Visual Impairments
		Testing Individuals Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
		Assessment of Adaptive Behavior in Intellectual Disability
			Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised
			Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP)
			Additional Measures of Adaptive Behavior
		Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Chapter 8: Foundations of Personality Testing
	Topic 8A: Theories of Personality and Projective Techniques
		Personality: an Overview
		Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality
			Origins of Psychoanalytic Theory
			The Structure of the Mind
			The Role of Defense Mechanisms
			Assessment of Defense Mechanisms and Ego Functions
		Type Theories of Personality
			Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern
		Phenomenological Theories of Personality
			Origins of the Phenomenological Approach
			Carl Rogers, Self-Theory, and the Q-Technique
		Behavioral and Social Learning Theories
		Trait Conceptions of Personality
			Cattel'’s Factor-Analytic Trait Theory
			The Five-Factor Model of Personality
			Comment on the Trait Concept
		The Projective Hypothesis
			A Classification of Projective Techniques
		Association Techniques
			The Rorschach
			Comment on the Rorschach
		Completion Techniques
			Sentence Completion Tests
			Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
		Construction Techniques
			The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
			The Picture Projective Test
			Children's Apperception Test
			Other Variations on the TAT
		Expression Techniques
			The Draw-A-Person Test
			The House-Tree-Person Test (H-T-P)
			Case Exhibit 8.1: Projective Tests as Ancillary to the Interview
	Topic 8B: Self-Report and Behavioral Assessment of Psychopathology
		Theory-Guided Inventories
			Personality Research Form
			State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
		Factor-Analytically Derived Inventories
			Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
			Comrey Personality Scales
		Criterion-Keyed Inventories
			Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
			MMPI-2 Interpretation
			Technical Properties of the MMPI-2
			Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)
			Personality Inventory for Children-2 (PIC-2)
		Behavioral Assessment
		Behavior Therapy and Behavioral Assessment
			Exposure-Based Methods
			Cognitive Behavior Therapies
			Self-Monitoring Procedures
		Structured Interview Schedules
		Assessment by Systematic Direct Observation
		Analogue Behavioral Assessment
		Ecological Momentary Assessment
Chapter 9: Evaluation of Normality and Individual Strengths
	Topic 9A: Assessment Within the Normal Spectrum
		Broad Band Tests of Normal Personality
		Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
		California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
		Neo Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R)
		Stability and Change in Personality
			Personality Stability and Change in Middle and Late Life
		The Assessment of Moral Judgment
			The Moral Judgment Scale
			Stages of Moral Development
			Critique of the Moral Judgment Scale
			The Defining Issues Test
		The Assessment of Spiritual and Religious Concepts
			Challenges and Purposes of Religious and Spiritual Assessment
			Historical Overview on Spiritual and Religious Assessment
			Religion as Quest
			The Spiritual Well-Being Scale
			The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale
			The Faith Maturity Scale
	Topic 9B: Positive Psychological Assessment
		Assessment of Creativity
			Creativity as Process
			Creativity as Personal Characteristics
			Creativity as Product
			Comment on Creativity Tests
		Measures of Emotional Intelligence
		Assessment of Optimism
		Assessment of Gratitude
		Sense of Humor: Self-Report Measures
Chapter 10: Neuropsychological Testing
	Topic 10A: Neurobiological Concepts and Behavioral Assessment
		The Human Brain: An Overview
			Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System
			The Vascular System of the Brain
		Structures and Systems of the Brain
			Corpus Callosum
			Cerebral Cortex
		Survival Systems: The Hindbrain and Midbrain
		Attentional Systems
		Motor/Coordination Systems
		Memory Systems
		Limbic System
		Language Functions and Cerebral Lateralization
			Language Functions of the Left Hemisphere
			Specialized Functions of the Right Hemisphere
		Visual System
		Executive Functions
		Neuropathology of Adulthood and Aging
			Traumatic Brain Injury
			Neoplastic Disease (Tumor)
			Chronic Alcohol Abuse
			Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
			Alzheimer's Disease
			Vascular Dementia (Stroke)
			Parkinson's Disease (PD)
		Behavioral Assessment of Neuropathology
			Assessment of Mental Status
			Behavioral Rating Scales
	Topic 10B: Neuropsychological Tests, Batteries, and Screening Tools
		A Conceptual Model of Brain-Behavior Relationships
		Assessment of Sensory Input
			Sensory-Perceptual Exam
			Finger Localization Test
		Measures of Attention and Concentration
			Test of Everyday Attention
			Continuous Performance Test
		Tests of Learning and Memory
			Wechsler Memory Scale-IV
			Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
			Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation
			Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test
			Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning-2
			Additional Tests of Learning and Memory
		Assessment of Language Functions
			Clinical Examination for Aphasia
			Screening and Comprehensive Diagnostic Tests for Aphasia
		Tests of Spatial and Manipulatory Ability
			Design Copying Tests
			Assembly Tests
		Assessment of Executive Functions
		Assessment of Motor Output
		Test Batteries in Neuropsychological Assessment
			The Luria-Nebraska 
NeuropsychologicalBattery
			The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB)
			Baseline Testing With Brief Neuropsychological Test Batteries
		Screening for Alcohol use Disorders
			Mini-Mental State Exam
Chapter 11: Industrial, Occupational, and Career Assessment
	Topic 11A: Industrial and Organizational Assessment
		The Role of Testing in Personnel Selection
			Complexities of Personnel Selection
			Approaches to Personnel Selection
		Autobiographical Data
			The Nature of Biodata
			The Validity of Biodata
		The Employment Interview
		Cognitive Ability Tests
			Wonderlic Personnel Test-Revised
			Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test
			Minnesota Clerical Test
		Personality Tests
		Paper-and-Pencil Integrity Tests
			Validity of Integrity Tests
		Work Sample and Situational Exercises
			The In-Basket Test
			Assessment Centers
		Appraisal of Work Performance
		Approaches to Performance Appraisal
			Performance Measures
			Personnel Data: Absenteeism
			Peer Ratings and Self-Assessments
			Supervisor Rating Scales
		Sources of Error in Performance Appraisal
			Halo Effect
			Rater Bias
			Criterion Contamination
			Guidelines for Performance Appraisal
	Topic 11B: Assessment for Career Development in a Global Economy
		Career Development and the Functions of Work
		Origins of Career Development Theories
		Theory of Person-Environment Fit
		Theory of Person-Environment Correspondence
		Stage Theories of Career Development
		Social Cognitive Approaches
		O*NET in Career Development
		Inventories for Career Assessment
			Career Beliefs Inventory
		Inventories for Interest Assessment
			Strong Interest Inventory-Revised (SII-R)
			Evaluation of the SII-R
			Vocational Preference Inventory
			Self-Directed Search
			Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
Appendix A: Major Landmarks in the History of Psychological Testing
Appendix B: Standard and Standardized-Score Equivalents of Percentile Ranks in a Normal Distribution
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index