Programmable Logic Controllers

Cover......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 9
THE NEED FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS......Page 15
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM......Page 17
THE FINITE SPEED OF LIGHT......Page 22
ELECTRONICS......Page 23
RF TECHNIQUES......Page 26
INFRARED AND THE ELECTRONIC SPEED LIMIT......Page 30
VISIBLE LIGHT AND BEYOND......Page 32
LASERS AND PHOTONICS......Page 34
SUMMARY......Page 35
BIBLIOGRAPHY: GENERAL TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 1......Page 36
Web resources......Page 37
THE ELECTRIC FORCE FIELD......Page 39
OTHER TYPES OF FIELDS......Page 40
VOLTAGE AND POTENTIAL ENERGY......Page 42
CHARGES IN METALS......Page 44
THE DEFINITION OF RESISTANCE......Page 46
ELECTRONS AND HOLES......Page 47
ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION AND CAPACITANCE......Page 48
INSULATORS ( DIELECTRICS)......Page 52
STATIC ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTNING......Page 53
THE BATTERY REVISITED......Page 59
COMMON MATERIALS......Page 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY: ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CONDUCTION......Page 62
Web Resources......Page 63
MOVING CHARGES: SOURCE OF ALL MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 64
MAGNETIC DIPOLES......Page 66
The Dipole......Page 69
The Moving Charge......Page 72
Currents......Page 76
POTENTIAL MOMENTUM......Page 81
Diamagnetism......Page 82
Paramagnetism......Page 83
Ferromagnetism and Magnets......Page 84
Summary of Magnetic Materials......Page 85
MAGNETISM AND QUANTUM PHYSICS......Page 86
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 87
CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELDS AND LENZ  S LAW......Page 88
INDUCTORS......Page 89
Discharging an Inductor......Page 90
AC CIRCUITS, IMPEDANCE, AND REACTANCE......Page 91
RELAYS, DOORBELLS, AND PHONE RINGERS......Page 92
GENERATORS AND MICROPHONES......Page 93
Transformer and Inductor Cores......Page 94
WHEN TO GAP YOUR CORES......Page 95
AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERS......Page 96
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT......Page 97
And Maxwell Said,   Let There Be Light......Page 98
PERPETUAL MOTION......Page 99
WHAT ABOUT D AND H? THE CONSTITUITIVE RELATIONS......Page 100
Web Resources......Page 101
STORAGE FIELDS VERSUS RADIATION FIELDS......Page 102
ELECTRICAL LENGTH......Page 104
Circuits That Store and Transport Energy......Page 105
Circuits That Radiate......Page 106
THE FIELD OF A STATIC CHARGE......Page 107
THE FIELD OF AN ACCELERATING CHARGE......Page 109
THE UNIVERSAL ORIGIN OF RADIATION......Page 111
THE FIELD OF A DIRECT CURRENT......Page 112
THE FIELD OF AN ALTERNATING CURRENT......Page 115
NEAR AND FAR FIELD......Page 118
THE FRAUNHOFER AND FRESNEL ZONES......Page 120
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 121
Web Resources......Page 122
RELATIVITY AND MAXWELL  S EQUATIONS......Page 123
The Speed of Light Is Always the Same, or   c + v = c......Page 126
SPACE AND TIME ARE RELATIVE......Page 127
Simultaneity Is Relative......Page 129
Lorentz Contraction of Length......Page 130
THE COSMIC SPEED LIMIT AND PROPER VELOCITY......Page 132
Space- Time, Momentum- Energy, and Other Four- Vectors......Page 135
Even a Stationary Charge Has a Magnetic Field......Page 136
THE LIMITS OF MAXWELL  S EQUATIONS......Page 137
QUANTUM PHYSICS AND THE BIRTH OF THE PHOTON......Page 138
Quantum Strangeness......Page 139
Particles Are also Waves......Page 140
The Uncertainty Principle......Page 141
THE QUANTUM VACUUM AND VIRTUAL PHOTONS......Page 142
Matter Fields + Electromagnetic Fields = QED......Page 143
THE FUTURE OF ELECTROMAGNETICS......Page 145
RELATIVITY, QUANTUM PHYSICS, AND BEYOND......Page 146
FURTHER READING......Page 147
Web Resources......Page 149
THE NON- IDEAL RESISTOR......Page 150
THE NON- IDEAL CAPACITOR......Page 153
THE NON- IDEAL INDUCTOR......Page 154
NON- IDEAL WIRES AND TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 157
OTHER COMPONENTS......Page 160
RF COUPLING AND RF CHOKES......Page 161
COMPONENT SELECTION GUIDE......Page 162
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 163
THE CIRCUIT MODEL......Page 164
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE......Page 166
THE WAVEGUIDE MODEL......Page 168
REFLECTIONS......Page 170
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER......Page 172
DIGITAL SIGNALS AND THE EFFECTS OF RISE TIME......Page 174
ANALOG SIGNALS AND THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY......Page 176
IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMING PROPERTIES......Page 178
IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOR DIGITAL SYSTEMS......Page 182
IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOR RF SYSTEMS......Page 183
MAXIMUM LOAD POWER......Page 184
Why 50 Ohms?......Page 185
MEASURING CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE: TDRS......Page 186
STANDING WAVES......Page 188
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 189
Web Resources......Page 190
WAVEGUIDES AND SHIELDS......Page 191
REFLECTION OF RADIATION AT MATERIAL BOUNDARIES......Page 192
THE SKIN EFFECT......Page 193
SHIELDING IN THE FAR FIELD......Page 194
The Effect of Holes in the Shield......Page 196
Mesh Shields and Faraday Cages......Page 198
Gaskets......Page 199
WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS GROUND A SHIELD......Page 200
NEAR FIELD SHIELDING OF MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 201
WAVEGUIDES......Page 204
Cutoff Frequency......Page 205
Multipath Transmission......Page 206
Waveguide Modes......Page 207
Waveguide Modes on Transmission Lines......Page 209
The Earth  s Waveguide......Page 211
Antennas for Waveguides......Page 212
Evanescent Waves and Tunneling......Page 213
FIBER OPTICS......Page 214
LASERS AND LAMPS......Page 215
Waveguides......Page 216
Web Resource......Page 217
CIRCUITS AS GUIDES FOR WAVES AND S- PARAMETERS......Page 218
SURFACE WAVES......Page 219
SURFACE WAVES ON WIRES......Page 222
COUPLED SURFACE WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 223
How a Transmission Line Really Works......Page 224
DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS......Page 226
S- PARAMETERS: A TECHNIQUE FOR ALL FREQUENCIES......Page 228
THE VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER......Page 232
Surface Waves......Page 234
Vector Network Analyzers and VNA Calibration......Page 235
Microwave Engineering and Distributed Circuits......Page 236
Web Resource......Page 237
THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE......Page 238
THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE......Page 239
RADIATION RESISTANCE OF DIPOLE ANTENNAS......Page 240
FEEDING IMPEDANCE AND ANTENNA MATCHING......Page 241
ANTENNA PATTERN VERSUS ELECTRICAL LENGTH......Page 245
POLARIZATION......Page 248
The Indoor FM Radio Antenna......Page 249
The l / 4 Monopole Antenna......Page 250
The 5/ 8 l Monopole Antenna......Page 252
WIRE LOSSES......Page 253
AND RADAR CROSS- SECTION......Page 254
TRAVELING WAVE ANTENNAS......Page 255
ANTENNAS IN PARALLEL AND THE FOLDED DIPOLE......Page 257
MULTITURN LOOP ANTENNAS......Page 258
FURTHER READING......Page 259
SELF- COMPATIBILITY AND SIGNAL INTEGRITY......Page 260
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF DIGITAL SIGNALS......Page 261
RADIATED INTERFERENCE......Page 264
CROSSTALK......Page 266
CIRCUIT LAYOUT......Page 268
PCB TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 269
THE PATH OF LEAST IMPEDANCE......Page 271
THE FUNDAMENTAL RULE OF LAYOUT......Page 273
SHIELDING ON PCBS......Page 274
GROUND BOUNCE......Page 276
THE 5/ 5 RULE......Page 278
TREE OR HYBRID GROUNDS......Page 279
AND TECHNIQUES......Page 280
POWER SUPPLY DECOUPLING: THE DESIGN PROCESS......Page 287
Local Decoupling......Page 290
90 DEGREE TURNS AND CHAMFERED CORNERS......Page 291
LAYOUT OF TRANSMISSION LINE TERMINATIONS......Page 292
AND PCB STACKUP......Page 294
LAYOUT MISCELLANY......Page 295
GROUND LOOPS ( MULTIPLE RETURN PATHS)......Page 296
DIFFERENTIAL MODE AND COMMON MODE RADIATION......Page 299
CABLE SHIELDING......Page 305
Coaxial Cables Below the Break Frequency......Page 306
Break Frequency......Page 307
Skin Depth and Transfer Impedance......Page 308
Ribbon Cables......Page 309
Twisted Pair Cables......Page 310
Single- Ended versus Balanced Signaling*......Page 311
FURTHER READING......Page 312
Web Sites......Page 315
REFLECTING DISHES......Page 316
LENSES......Page 320
IMAGING......Page 322
Imaging Resolution......Page 324
ELECTRONIC IMAGING AND ANTENNA ARRAYS......Page 325
FURTHER READING......Page 328
DIFFRACTION AND ELECTRICAL SIZE......Page 330
HUYGENS  PRINCIPLE......Page 332
BABINET  S PRINCIPLE......Page 333
FRAUNHOFER AND FRESNEL DIFFRACTION......Page 334
RADIO PROPAGATION......Page 335
CONTINUOUS MEDIA......Page 336
FURTHER READING......Page 337
Conductors and Dielectrics......Page 339
Dielectrics......Page 342
HEAT RADIATION......Page 346
Radiated Thermal Noise......Page 350
CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE OVENS......Page 351
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 354
Web Resources......Page 355
Practical Tips for Analog Design......Page 356
RF Engineering......Page 357
Physics......Page 358
Index......Page 360