Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2023: Volume 5 (Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering)

Content
	1 Preface
	2 Analysis and Evaluation of Different Fracturing Adaptability
		2.1 Analysis and Evaluation of Different Fracturing Adaptability
		2.2 Fractured Water Flooded Oil Reservoir Plugging Combined with Water Control Fracturing Technology
		2.3 Fracturing Technology for Multiple Branch Fractures Within Fractures
		2.4 Fracturing Technology of Fuyang Reservoir with Fracturing Mesh
		2.5 Analysis and Evaluation of Different Fracturing Adaptability
	3 Countermeasures for Repeated Fracturing Transformation in Different Types of Blocks
		3.1 Understanding of Different Types of Block Renovation
		3.2 Next Steps for Renovation Measures
		3.3 Optimize Efficient Fracturing Process Design to Improve the Effectiveness of Single Well Renovation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Reservoir Engineering and Management
Research and Application of Refracturing Technology in Low Permeability Oilfield
	1 Preface
	2 Analysis and Evaluation of Different Fracturing Adaptability
		2.1 Analysis and Evaluation of Different Fracturing Adaptability
		2.2 Fractured Water Flooded Oil Reservoir Plugging Combined with Water Control Fracturing Technology
		2.3 Fracturing Technology for Multiple Branch Fractures Within Fractures
		2.4 Fracturing Technology of Fuyang Reservoir with Fracturing Mesh
		2.5 Analysis and Evaluation of Different Fracturing Adaptability
	3 Countermeasures for Repeated Fracturing Transformation in Different Types of Blocks
		3.1 Understanding of Different Types of Block Renovation
		3.2 Next Steps for Renovation Measures
		3.3 Optimize Efficient Fracturing Process Design to Improve the Effectiveness of Single Well Renovation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Evaluation Method for Water Flooding Characteristics of Horizontal Wells in Thick Oil Reservoir with Bottom Water
	1 Question Raising
	2 Water Flooding Mechanism and Improvement of the Water Flooding Mode in Thick Bottom Water Reservoirs
		2.1 Analysis of Water Flooding Mechanism
		2.2 Improvement of the Water Flooding Mode for Horizontal Wells in Bottom Water Reservoirs
	3 Determination of the Number of Water Outlet Points
	4 Application Examples
	5 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation Method by Stages and Zones
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Problems and Countermeasures
	3 The Procedure of Numerical Simulation by Stages and Zones
	4 Application of Number Simulation
		4.1 Optimization of Steam-Flooding Development Mode, Injection and Production Parameters and Infill Well Locations
		4.2 Optimization of Steam-Flooding Development Mode, Injection and Production Parameters and Infill Well Locations
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Main Controlling Factors of Gas Recovery Rate of Volcanic Gas Well in Xushen Gas Field
	1 Resilient Gas Drive Gas Well Gas Recovery Velocity Main Control Factors
		1.1 Well Controlled Reserves and Formation Coefficients
		1.2 Steady Production Capacity of Gas Well
		1.3 Gas Well Recovery Factor
	2 Main Controlling Factors of Gas Production Rate of Elastic Water Drive Gas Well
		2.1 Uniform Water Propellant
		2.2 Water Channeling (or Water Cone) Type
	3 Conclusion and Understanding
	References
Main Parameter Limits and Risk Assessment of Benefit Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas Projects
	1 Introduction
	2 Economic Characteristics of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development
		2.1 Uncertainty of Development Benefits
		2.2 Benefits Vary Greatly at Different Stages
		2.3 The Determination of Economic Evaluation Parameters is Complex
	3 Main Parameter Limits of Unconventional Oil and Gas Benefit Development
		3.1 Investment Limit of Single Well
		3.2 Average Daily Production Limit of Single Well at the Initial Stage of Reaching Production Capacity
		3.3 Price Limit
		3.4 Average Operating Cost Limit
	4 Risk Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas Benefits
		4.1 Project Benefit Risk Model
		4.2 Quantitative Characterization of Project Uncertainty Indicators
	5 Evaluation Example
		5.1 Determine the Investment Limit of Single Well
		5.2 Block Risk Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Quantitative Characterization and Adjustment Study of Flow Field in Low Permeability Fault Block Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Study on Flow Fields Evaluation
		2.1 Evaluation Indicators Screening
		2.2 Indicators Weight Calculation
	3 Application Example
	4 Adjusting Scheme Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation Study of Near-Miscible Displacement Mechanism of Weakly Volatile Crude Oil in Low Permeability Carbonate Reservoir After CO2 Injection
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model
		2.1 Numerical Modeling of Slim-Tube Experiment and Calculation of MMP
		2.2 Compositional Model
	3 Calculation of MMP and Confirmation of Miscibility Degree
		3.1 Calculation of MMP
		3.2 Degree of Miscibility Confirmation
	4 Fluid Composition Changes After Gas Injection
		4.1 Gas Phase Composition Changes
		4.2 Oil Phase Composition Changes
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research and Application of Potential Tapping and Efficiency Enhancement Technology in Low Permeability Oilfield
	1 Current Situation and Existing Problems of the Block
	2 Research on Potential Tapping and Efficiency Enhancing Technologies
		2.1 Accurate Geological Research and Quantitative Development Potential
		2.2 Precise Preparation of Development Plans, Precise Optimization of Measures and Processes, and Improvement of Reserve Utilization Rate
		2.3 Precise Implementation of Management Methods to Improve Oilfield Management Level
	3 Application Effect Evaluation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Development Applicability of Highly Deviated Wells in Mahu Deep Tight Oil
	1 Introduction
	2 The Construction of Multi-layer Superimposed Geological Model
	3 Comparing Development Effects of Different Well Types
	4 Thickness Limit of Combined Mining Interlayer in Highly Deviated Wells
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Experimental Study on the Displacement Characteristics of Discontinuous Depletion Process in Foamy Oil Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
		2.1 Experimental Material
		2.2 Experimental Apparatus
		2.3 Experimental Design
		2.4 Experimental Procedure
	3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison Between the Production Characteristics of Continuous and Discontinuous Depletion Processes
		3.2 Comparison Between the Displacement Characteristics of Continuous and Discontinuous Depletion
		3.3 Comparison Between the Microscopic Flow Characteristics of Continuous and Discontinuous Depletion
		3.4 Effect of the Pressure Decline Rate on the Production Performance After the Production Resumption
	4 Conclusion and Insights
	References
Discovery and Effective Development of Attic Oil in the Edge and Bottom Water Reservoirs with Gas Caps at High Watercut Stage–An Example from South Block of Layer M-II of Aryskum Oil and Gas Field
	1 Foreword
	2 Brief of Geology and Development
	3 Fault Interpretation
	4 Remaining Oil Research and Attic Oil Discovery
	5 Effect in Oilfield Practice
	6 Conclusion
	References
Interlayer Development Characteristics and Water Flooding Strategy Optimization in Porous Carbonate Reservoirs: A Case Study from the MC1-1 Sub-member in B Oilfield, Iraq
	1 Introduction
	2 Oilfield Overview
		2.1 Reservoir Geological Outline
		2.2 Oilfield Development Method
	3 Interlayer Development Characteristics and Water Flooding Optimization
		3.1 Characteristics of the Interlayers
		3.2 Interlayer Categorization and the Influence on Production
		3.3 Water Flooding Optimization
	4 Field Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Discussion on Development Parameter Optimization and Limit Determination of Horizontal Wells in Low Permeability Thin Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimization of Well Development Parameters
		2.1 Optimization of Horizontal Well Pattern
		2.2 Horizontal Well Vertical Position Optimization
		2.3 Azimuth Optimization of Horizontal Well
		2.4 Optimization of Horizontal Well Length
		2.5 Well Spacing Optimization of Well Pattern
		2.6 Determination of Economic Limit Geological Reserves by Single Well Control
	3 Determination of Reservoir Parameters for Horizontal Well Development
		3.1 Determination of Reservoir Thickness Boundary
		3.2 Determination of Permeability Limit
		3.3 Determination of Crude Oil Viscosity Limits
		3.4 Analysis of the Limit of Oil Reservoir Numbers
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Microscopic Seepage Mechanism During Fracturing Process in Tight Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Build Digital Core Models
		2.1 CT Scanning Method
		2.2 Digital Core Models
	3 Mathematical Model
		3.1 Continuity Equation
		3.2 Momentum Equation
		3.3 Volume Fraction Equation
	4 Research Results
		4.1 Microscopic Seepage Mechanism of Oil and Water Without Fractures
		4.2 Microscopic Seepage Mechanism of Oil and Water with Fractures
	5 Conclusions
	References
Impacts of Economic Factors on SEC Net Reserves Under PSC Contract: A Case Study of an Overseas Gas Field A
	1 Introduction
	2 An Overview of PSC
	3 SEC Net Reserves Under Production Sharing Contract
		3.1 Calculation Steps
		3.2 Calculation Method and Formula
	4 Impacts of Economic Factors on SEC Net Reserves Under PSC
		4.1 Natural Gas Price
		4.2 Operation Cost
		4.3 Investment
		4.4 Unrecovered Cost
		4.5 Economic Limit year
		4.6 Resource Countries’ Oil and Gas Contract Mode, Fiscal Terms, and Legal Provisions
	5 Case Study
		5.1 Method and Purpose
		5.2 An Overview About Gas Field A
		5.3 Main Fiscal Terms and Economic Parameters
		5.4 Natural Gas Operation Cost and Investment Estimation Parameters
		5.5 Sensitivity Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Research on the Mechanism and Process of Fracturing Reduction for High Fracture Pressure and Low Permeability Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Study on Mechanism of Reducing Formation Fracture Pressure by Acid Solution
		2.1 Mechanism Analysis
		2.2 Experimental Arrangement
		2.3 Experimental Results
		2.4 Conclusion
	3 Study on Breaking Down Technology
		3.1 Basic Performance of High Density Weighting Liquid
		3.2 Laboratory Evaluation Experiment of High Density Weighting Solution
		3.3 Study on Corrosion Performance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Method and Application of Optimization of the Opening Time of Intermittent Wells in Tight Gas
	1 Establishment of an Optimization Model for Well Opening Time
		1.1 A Subsection Sample
	2 Application of an Optimization Model for Well Opening Time
	3 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Factors Affecting Horizontal Well Decline in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Establishment of Different Types of Horizontal Well Models
	3 Analysis of Main Influencing Factors
		3.1 Factors Affecting the Decline in Gas Well Production
		3.2 FSimulation Analysis of Influencing Factors
	4 Sensitivity Analysis of Influencing Factors
		4.1 Model Mode of Production
		4.2 Number of Fracturing Sections
		4.3 Fracture Length
	5 Conclusion and Understanding
	References
Study on Water Injection Adjustment Method of Horizontal Well with Low Permeability Thin Oil Layer
	1 Question Raising
	2 Research on Methods and Countermeasures for Water Injection Adjustment in Horizontal Well Areas
		2.1 The Pattern of Horizontal Well Pattern Utilization
		2.2 Staged Water Injection Adjustment
		2.3 Optimization of Cyclic Water Injection Method in High Water Cut Stage
	3 Typical Block and Comprehensive Adjustment Effect of the Entire Region
		3.1 Typical Block Adjustment Effect
		3.2 Regional Adjustment Effect
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Economic Evaluation Method of Single Well in Overseas Oil Field Under the Model of Production Enhancement Service Contract
	1 Introduction
	2 Oilfield Production Enhancement Service Contract Model
	3 Methodology for Evaluating Individual Well Benefits Under the Oilfield Production Enhancement Service Contract Model
	4 Analysis of the Main Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of a Single Well Under the Oilfield Production Enhancement Service Contract Model
		4.1 Technical Factors
		4.2 Economic Factors
	5 Single Well Economic Limit Production Size and Limit Investment Evaluation Mode
		5.1 Evaluation Model Base Parameters
		5.2 Adaptation of the Evaluation Model to Fiscal Provisions
		5.3 Single Well Economic Limit Production Size Model
		5.4 Single Well Investment Limit Model
	6 Application Case Studies
		6.1 Economic Limit Production Size Analysis
		6.2 Single Well Limit Investment Analysis
		6.3 Uncertainty and Risk Analysis
	7 Conclusion
	References
Mechanism and Characteristics Analysis of Water-Producing Tight Gas Well in Daning-Jixian Block
	1 Introduction
	2 Formation Water Characteristics
		2.1 Macroscopic Distribution Characteristics
		2.2 Microscopic Occurrence Characteristics
		2.3 Types of Water
	3 Reservoir Sensitivity and Water Production Relationship
		3.1 Water Sensitivity Characteristics
		3.2 Stress-Sensitive Characteristics
	4 Evaluation of Mobile Water Saturation
	5 Water Production Characteristics
	6 Conclusions
	References
Stratified Water Injection Effect Evaluation and Field Practice Based on Single Sand Body Understanding
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Scheme Design Fine Single Sand Body Characterization Technique
	3 Evaluation System of Fine Stratified Water Injection
	4 Effect Evaluation of Separate Injection
	5 Conclusion
	References
Exploration and Enlightenment of High Efficiency Stratified Fracturing Technology for Vertical Well Exploration in Qinghai Oilfield
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Research Difficulties
		2.1 Wellbore Reverse Design
		2.2 Control Fracture Propagation
		2.3 Production Dynamic Test
	3 Key Process Technology
		3.1 Well Structure Reverse Design
		3.2 Fine Optimization of Fracturing Scheme
		3.3 Limiting Flow Perforating Process
		3.4 Knot Type Temporary Plugging Ball Stratified Fracturing Technology
		3.5 Oil and Water Two-Phase Tracer
		3.6 Fiber Optic Logging Monitoring Technology
	4 Field Application
		4.1 Zonal Fracturing with Casing Soluble Plugs
		4.2 Knot Type Temporary Plugging Stratified Fracturing
		4.3 Application Effect Evaluation
	5 Conclusion and Suggestions
	References
Study on Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Law in Shale Gas Horizontal Wellbore
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment Design
		2.1 Parameter Design for Experiment Device
		2.2 Experimental Fluid
		2.3 Experimental Method
	3 Characteristics of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Wellbore
		3.1 Distribution Characteristics of Flow Patterns in Horizontal Wellbores
		3.2 Flow Pattern Distribution Characteristics of Upward-Inclined Wells
		3.3 Flow Pattern Distribution Characteristics of Downward-Inclined Wells
	4 Pressure Distribution Characteristics in Wellbore
		4.1 Different Well Types’ Pressure Distribution Characteristics
		4.2 Characteristics of Pressure Distribution Along Wellbore with Different Flow Rates
		4.3 Pressure Gradient Distribution Characteristics in Different Well Sections
	5 Conclusions
	References
Tight Gas Reservoir Characteristics and Well Classification Evaluation of Shaximiao J2s2 Formation in JQ Block, Tianfu Gasfield, Sichuan Basin
	1 Background
	2 Reservoir Characteristics
		2.1 Stratigraphic
		2.2 Physical Property
		2.3 Heterogeneity
	3 Gas Well Productivity
	4 Well Classification Evaluation
		4.1 Determination of Evaluation Parameters
		4.2 Preliminary Establishment of Evaluation Criteria
		4.3 Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method
		4.4 Comprehensive Evaluation Effect of Gas Wells
	5 Conclusion
	References
Technology for Improving Development Effectiveness of Asphaltene Precipitated Carbonate Oilfield: A Case Study of B Oilfield, Middle East
	1 Introduction
	2 Development Challenges
		2.1 Unclear Connectivity of Thick Reservoir
		2.2 Uncertain Water Injection Mode in Thick Carbonate Reservoirs
		2.3 Unclear Mechanism and Treatment Measures for Asphalt Precipitation
	3 Technology for Improving Development Effectiveness
		3.1 Connectivity Evaluation for Thick Reservoir
		3.2 Water Injection Development Technology for Thick Carbonate Reservoir
		3.3 Measures for Asphalt Precipitation in Oil Wells
	4 Actual Production Effect
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Causes of Casing Damage and Optimization of Injection and Mining Parameters Under Fluid-Structure Interaction in Typical Block
	1 Basic Information of Typical Blocks
		1.1 Overall Distribution of Set-Loss in S Field
		1.2 Typical Block Selection for Research
	2 Analysis of the Damage Causes of Block Casing Under Fluid-Structure Interaction
		2.1 Geological Model and Boundary Conditions
		2.2 Numerical Analysis of Rock Formation-Cement Ring-Casing Under Fluid-Structure Interaction
		2.3 Analysis of Damage Causes of Block Casing Under Fluid-Structure Interaction
	3 Study on Force Factors and Injection and Production Parameters Optimization of Casing Under Fluid-Structure Interaction
		3.1 Analysis of the Influence of Injection and Mining Parameters on Casing Stress
		3.2 Optimization of Safe Force Injection and Mining Parameters of Casing
	4 Research on Precautionary Measures for Damage to Casing
		4.1 Classification of Casing Damage Danger Zones
		4.2 Hazardous Area Adjustment Measures
		4.3 Research on Preventive Measures in the Process of Water Injection Development
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Key Control Factors of Reservoir Formation in Slope Area and Its Guiding Practice for Well Placement
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Information of Block A35
		2.1 Geological Profile of Block
		2.2 Block Development Brief
	3 Study on the Main Control Factors of Reservoir Formation in the Slope Area
		3.1 Large Faults that Are Perpendicular to the Main Direction of Hydrocarbon Transport or Cross at a High Angle Are Conducive to the Accumulation of Hydrocarbons
	4 Key Control Factors of Reservoir Formation in Slope Area and Its Guiding Practice for Well Placement
		4.1 The Reservoir Formation Pattern Guides the Rolling Outward Expansion of the Developed Areas
		4.2 The Reservoir Formation Pattern Guides the Infill Well Placement Within the Developed Area
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Forecasting Surface Facilities Investment Based on Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The Estimation of Surface Facilities Cost Method
		2.2 Factor Analysis Method
		2.3 Forecast Thoery
	3 Method
		3.1 Correlation Analysis
		3.2 Factor Analysis
		3.3 Regression Analysis
	4 Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Identification of Low-Efficiency and Invalid Injected Water Circulation Channels in an Oilfield in Qaidam Basin
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Characteristics and Development Status of the Experimental Area Reservoir
	3 Establishment of Interwell Low-Efficiency and Invalid Circulation Identification Method
		3.1 Interwell Low-Efficiency and Invalid Circulation Identification Model Based on Grey Correlation Method
		3.2 Parameter Optimization
		3.3 Interwell Low-Efficiency and Invalid Circulation Identification Criteria and Model Verification
	4 Example Application and Promotion
		4.1 Interwell Low-Efficiency and Invalid Circulation Identification of 7752 Well Group
		4.2 Production Absorption Profile and Tracer Analysis Verification
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Investigation on Phase Behaviors of Wax Precipitation in Waxy Gas-Condensate Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 P-T Condition of Wax Precipitation
		3.2 Account of Wax Precipitation
		3.3 Phase Volume of Vapor, Liquid and Wax
	4 Conclusions
	References
2D Network Simulation of Dispersion
	1 Introduction
	2 Pore Network Model
	3 Motion of the Solute Particles
		3.1 Motion in an Individual Pipe
		3.2 Mixing in the Pipe Junction
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Effect of Flow Mechanism
		4.2 Effect of Mixing Rule
		4.3 Effect of Molecular Diffusion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Identification and Application of Dominant Flow Channels in Water Drive Reservoirs Based on Oil Water Flow Coefficient
	1 Introduction
	2 Method for Determining the Characterization Indicators and Formation Conditions of Advantageous Seepage Channels
		2.1 Characterization Indicators of Advantageous Seepage Channels
		2.2 Method for Determining the Formation Conditions of Characterization Indicators for Advantageous Seepage Channels
	3 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Advantageous Seepage Channels
	4 Identification of Advantageous Seepage Channels in Actual Blocks
	5 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation Study on the Flow Influence of Multiscale Fractures During Water Flooding
	1 Introduction
	2 Discrete Fracture Numerical Simulation Model
		2.1 Model Assumption
		2.2 Mathematical Model
		2.3 Model Design
	3 Simulation Results
		3.1 Fracture Flow Interference
		3.2 Dynamic Performance Characteristics
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study on Cyclic Water Injection Optimization of Wumishan Carbonate Reservoir in Renqiu
	1 Introduction
	2 Reservoir Overview
	3 Cyclic Water Injection Development Effect Evaluation
	4 Study on Cyclic Water Injection Optimization
		4.1 Optimization of Depressurizing Exploitation Scheme
		4.2 Optimization of Cyclic Water Injection Scheme
		4.3 Optimal Scheme Selection
	5 Conclusion
	References
Statistical Analysis and Countermeasure Research on the Risk of Limited Space Operation Based on BowTie Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction of Bowtie Analysis
	3 Bow-Tie Model Based Risk Analysis and Control of Confined Space Operations
		3.1 Analysis of Accident Causes and Active Control Barriers
		3.2 Incident Consequence and Passive Barrier Analysis
		3.3 Construct the BowTie Model of Work Accident in Confined Space
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Subdivision Waterflood Technical Policy of Low Permeability Reservoir in Middle-High Water Cut Stage
	1 Introduction
	2 Reservoir Overview
	3 Study on Subdivision Waterflood Technical Policy
		3.1 Study on Reasonable Pressure Keeping Level
		3.2 Study on Optimal Injection-Production Ratio
		3.3 Study on Optimal Water Injection Intensity
		3.4 Study on Cyclic Water Injection Optimization
		3.5 Study on Liquid Production Increasing Optimization
	4 Application of Subdivision Waterflood Technical Policy
	5 Conclusion
	References
Parameters Study of Chemical Baffle for Water Control in the Bottom Aquifer Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Reservoir and Production Characteristics
	3 Sensitivity of Baffle Parameters
		3.1 Baffle Radius
		3.2 Baffle Thickness
		3.3 Baffle Permeability
		3.4 Baffle Longitudinal Position
	4 Optimization of Baffle Parameters
	5 Conclusion
	References
Seepage Field Adjustment for Enhanced Oil Recovery in High Water Cut Oilfield
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-level Quantitative Characterization of Seepage Field
		2.1 Characterization of Displacement Control Ability of Seepage Field
		2.2 Characterization of Seepage Field Utilization Potential
		2.3 Efficiency and Dynamic Characterization of Seepage Field
		2.4 Potential Zone of Seepage Field
	3 Fine-Control Seepage Field Differentiation
	4 Example Application
	5 Conclusions
	References
Methods for Improving Precision of Production Prediction in Low Permeability Oil&Gas Fields
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Dynamic Oil Recovery Factor
		2.1 Dynamic Oil Recovery Factor for Oil Province and Oilfield
		2.2 Dynamic Oil Recovery Factor for Reservoir Unit
		2.3 Impact of Dynamic Recovery Factor Change on Reserve-Production Ratio Control Prediction Method
	3 Methods to Improve Prediction Accuracy
		3.1 Check the Cumulative Recoverable Reserves Before the Prediction Period
		3.2 Check the Annual Recoverable Reserves in the Prediction Period
		3.3 Reserve-Production Ratio with Dynamic Change in Stages is Adopted in Prediction
	4 Application Analysis
		4.1 Prediction Results of Conventional Methods
		4.2 Prediction Results of the New Method
	5 Conclusion
	References
Comparison Between Commercial Assessment and Reserves Value Evaluation of Petroleum Project
	1 Introduction
	2 Essential Parameters or Terms
		2.1 Reserves
		2.2 Evaluation Period
		2.3 Prices
		2.4 Operating Expenses
		2.5 Capital Cost
		2.6 Historical Cost
		2.7 Discount Rate
		2.8 Economic Limit
		2.9 Key Indicators
	3 Example Case
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development Sequence Optimization of Fault-Block Oilfields Based on the Back Propagation Neural Network Model Improved by Imperial Competition Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Establishment of Fault-Block Oilfields Development Database
	3 Indicator Optimization and Database Expansion Based on Spearman Correlation Coefficient Method
	4 Establishment of Improved BP Neural Network Prediction Model Based on ICA
	5 Conclusions and Suggestions
	References
Numerical Simulation Study on Main Control Factors of Efficient Development of an Ultra-Deep Carbonate Water Drive Gas Reservoir
	1 Seepage Experiment Under Formation Conditions
		1.1 Single-Phase Seepage Experiment Under Irreducible Water Condition
		1.2 Gas-Water Two-Phase Seepage Experiment
		1.3 Stress Sensitivity Experiment
		1.4 Pore Volume Compressibility Experiment
	2 Single Well Mechanism Model
	3 Development Master Control Factor Analysis
		3.1 Water Body Parameters
		3.2 Seepage Characteristic Parameters
		3.3 Fracking Measures
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Development Strategy of HL Reservoir Air Injection Thermal Miscible Well Pattern
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanism of Thermal Miscible Air Injection
	3 Overview of the Study Area
		3.1 Geological Overview
		3.2 Production Overview
	4 Injection-Production Well Pattern Optimization
		4.1 Numerical Simulation Study
		4.2 Injection-Production Well Pattern
		4.3 Comparison of Production Parameters
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of the Development Layer Series Under Various Periods for High Dip Angle Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation of Production Performance Under Commingled Development
		2.1 Overview of Development Method in Initial Periods
		2.2 Evaluation of Oil Production from Various Sand Zones
		2.3 Evaluation of Injection Profile from Various Sand Zones
		2.4 Summary of Influential Factors on Vertical Producing Characteristics
	3 Study of Layer Series Subdivision Limits for Various Development Stage
		3.1 Limits of Permeability Contrast
		3.2 Limits of Pressure Maintenance Level Contrast
		3.3 Limits of Reservoir Net Pay Contrast
	4 Application and Evaluation of Development Layer Series Optimization for N Block
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation and Development Methodology for Complex Overseas Fault Blocks - A Case Study of 5 Oilfields Including an in South Sudan
	1 Introduction
	2 Oilfield Development Effect Evaluation Method
		2.1 Development Effect Evaluation Index Optimization
		2.2 Single Indicator Development Effect Evaluation
		2.3 Development Effect Evaluation Index Weight Determination
		2.4 Development Effect Evaluation Results
	3 Conclusion
	References
Research on Energy Supplement Development Mode of High Angle Oil Well in Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanism of Water Injection Stimulation for Increasing Oil Production
	3 Numerical Simulation of Water Injection Throughput
		3.1 Research on the Influence of the Number of Fracturing Sections, Half Length of Fractures, Fracture Conductivity, and Formation Pressure Maintenance Level on the Throughput Effect
		3.2 Research on Optimization of Water Injection and Throughput Process Parameters
		3.3 Multifactor Orthogonal Optimization Design of Water Injection and Throughput Parameters
	4 On Site Implementation and Effectiveness
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Deconvolution Well Test Technology in Low Permeability Gas Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of Deconvolution Method
		2.1 Convolution
		2.2 Deconvolution
	3 Simulation Examples
	4 Field Application
		4.1 Establishment and Interpretation of Conventional Build-up Model
		4.2 Establishment and Interpretation of Deconvolution Well Test Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Fracturing Effect of Small Mesh Fracture in C Encryption Block
	1 The Question is Raised
	2 Well and Layer Selection Design for Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing
		2.1 Oil-Increasing Mechanism of Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing
		2.2 Effect of Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing in Similar Oilfields
		2.3 Optimization of Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing Wells and Process Optimization
	3 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Fracturing Effect
		3.1 The Water Content Before the Measures is Less Than 50%, and the Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing Measures Have Good Effects
		3.2 Effective Thickness is Greater Than 3.5 m, and Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing Measures Have Significant Oil Increase Effect
		3.3 Low Water Flooded Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing Has Good Oil Increasing Effect
		3.4 The Proportion of the Same Layer is Greater Than 30%, and the Water Content Increases Greatly after Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing
		3.5 The Effect of Increasing Oil by Small Fracture Pattern Fracturing is Significant Compared to that by Conventional Fracturing
	4 Conclusion and Understanding
	References
The Method Study on Fine Characterization of Complex Artificial Cracks Network for Vertical Well of T Block
	1 Introduction
	2 The Method of Complex Artificial Cracks Network
		2.1 Geo-Stress Simulation of T Block [2]
		2.2 Fracturing Parameter Optimization of Complex Artificial Crack Network [5]
		2.3 Fine Characterization of Complex Crack Networks Using Unstructured Grids of Numerical Simulation
	3 Effects Evaluation On-Site
	4 Conclusion
	References
A New Production Splitting Method Based on Phase Permeability and Water Displacement Tests
	1 Introduction
	2 Calculation Method
		2.1 Longitudinal Splitting of Water Injection Volume
		2.2 Plane Splitting of Small Layer Water Injection
		2.3 Determination of Injection Multiple of Injection Unit
		2.4 Determination of Water Content in Small Layer
		2.5 Determination of Liquid and Oil Levels in Small Layers
		2.6 Revised Yield
	3 Application Example
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Identification and Control of Dominant Seepage Channels in Medium and Low Permeability Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Conditions of the Test Area
		2.1 Geological Overview
		2.2 Development Profile
	3 Identification Method of Dominant Seepage Channel
		3.1 Orientation Limits
		3.2 Injection End Limit
		3.3 Production End Limit
		3.4 Identification Results and Verification
	4 Origin and Classification of Dominant Seepage Channels
		4.1 Logging Curve Characteristics of Dominant Seepage Channels
		4.2 Main Causes of Dominant Seepage Channels
		4.3 Genetic Types of Dominant Seepage Channels
		4.4 Governance Countermeasures
	5 Application Effect
	6 Conclusion
	References
Practice and Understanding of Efficient Development of Overseas Complex Intra-Platform Uplift Gasfield: A Case Study of S Gasfield
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Background
		2.1 Structural Characteristics
		2.2 Reservoir Characteristics
		2.3 Gas reservoir Characteristics
	3 Precise Reservoir Description Lays a Solid Foundation for Development
		3.1 Acoustic Reconstruction Techniques for Precise Interpretation of the Reservoir
		3.2 High-Resolution Thin Reservoir Prediction
	4 Rolling Evaluation and Development to Deepen Understanding of Gas Reservoir
		4.1 Rolling Evaluation and Development, Optimizing Drilling, and Implementing Potential
		4.2 Assess the Risk of Workover, Implement Hierarchically, and Increase Production Efficiently
		4.3 Confirm Reserves and Provide Guarantee
	5 Geological Engineering Integrated Research Provides Guarantee for Efficient Development of Gas Field
		5.1 Integrated Precise Geological Modeling
		5.2 Recognition of Gas-Water Relationship and Water Energy
		5.3 Quantitative Description Technology for Mining in Neighboring Countries
		5.4 Optimization and Adjustment of Gas Production Rate
		5.5 Development Effectiveness and Understanding
	6 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Fracture Development Characteristics and Highly Efficient Development Technology of the Fracture Porosity Type Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Reservoir
	3 Fracture Development Characteristics
	4 Establishment of Dual Porosity Model
	5 Optimization of Injection Production Well Pattern
		5.1 Optimization of the Horizontal Well Layout Orientation
		5.2 Optimization of Water Injection Well Type
		5.3 Optimization of Water Injection Layer
		5.4 Optimization of Well Spacing Density
		5.5 Fine Optimization of Well Trajectory by Applying Ant-Tracking Fracture Prediction Technology
	6 Oilfield Application
	7 Conclusions
	References
Comparisons of Fractal Normalized Relative Permeability Models and Its Application in P Oilfields, China
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Background
		2.1 Derivation of Purcell Fractal Normalized Relative Permeability Model
		2.2 Derivation of Brooks Corey Fractal Normalized Relative Permeability Model
		2.3 Derivation of Li KeWen Fractal Normalized Relative Permeability Model
	3 Results
		3.1 Fractal Method of Relative Permeability Curve Shape Forecast
		3.2 Initial Water Saturation Forecast Method
	4 Relative Permeability Shape Forecast Approach
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Research on the Application of Sidetracking Technology to Recover Residual Oil from Old Wells in Shallow and High-Water-Cut Oil Reservoirs in Nanpu Onshore Oilfield
	1 Introduction
	2 Reservoir Overview
		2.1 Geological Overview
		2.2 Development Overview
	3 Study on the Propagation Law of Edge and Bottom Water in Shallow Heavy Oil Reservoirs
		3.1 Establishment of Mechanism Model
		3.2 Study on Edge and Bottom Water Advancing Law
	4 Study on the Propagation Law of Edge and Bottom Water in Shallow Heavy Oil Reservoirs
		4.1 Research on the Distribution Law of Remaining Oil
		4.2 Optimization of Differentiated Development Technology Policy
	5 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Horizontal Well Development in the G104-5 Reservoir
	References
Study on the Integrated Technical and Economic Measure Evaluation Method to Increase Oil Production in Low Porosity and Low Permeability Oilfield
	1 Overview
	2 Overseas Project Measures Evaluation Characteristics Analysis
		2.1 International Petroleum Contracts
		2.2 Specificity of Measure Cost Classification
		2.3 Contractual Limitations
		2.4 Measurement of Special Measures
	3 Overseas Project Measures Evaluation
		3.1 Measures Expire in the Current Year
		3.2 Measures Expire in the Next Year
	4 Case Study of Overseas Project Measures Evaluation
		4.1 Workover Well Selection and Production Prediction
		4.2 Economic Evaluation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Study and Application of Refracturing Technique in Horizontal Wells in Low Permeability and Thin Reservoir
	1 Foreword
	2 Horizontal Well Refracturing and Zone Selection Principle
		2.1 Principle of Preference
		2.2 Technical Limits of Refracturing Stage for High Water Cut Horizontal Wells
	3 Horizontal Well Refracturing Optimization
		3.1 Refracturing Design Optimization
		3.2 Refracturing Process Optimization
	4 Field Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Accurate Identification Method for Water Flooding Channel in Low Permeability Fractured Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A Subsection Sample
	2 Formation Mechanism of Channeling Channels in Low Permeability Fractured Reservoirs
		2.1 Development Characteristics of Channeling Channels
		2.2 The Main Influencing Factors and Performance Characteristics of the Formation of Channeling Channels
	3 Identification Method for Channeling Channels in Low Permeability Fractured Reservoirs
		3.1 Selection of Identification Indicators for Channeling Channels
		3.2 Determination of the Set of Discriminant Indicators for Channeling Channels
		3.3 Standardization of Evaluation Indicators
		3.4 Solution of Correlation Coefficient
		3.5 Weight Calculation
		3.6 Calculation of Evaluation Results
		3.7 Small Layer Recognition
	4 Example Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Variation Law of Shape Factor for Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Shape Factor Model
		2.1 The Distribution of Fracture Systems
	3 Case Study
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study on Flow Field Evaluation and Adjustment Countermeasures of Low Permeability Reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin
	1 Introduction
	2 Determination of Reservoir Flow Field Evaluation Index
		2.1 Flow Field Evaluation Index
		2.2 Evaluation Index Screening
	3 Block Flow Field Evaluation System
		3.1 Flow Field Evaluation System
		3.2 Comprehensive Evaluation of Es1①3 Sublayer Flow Field
	4 Flow Field Control Scheme and Control Effect
		4.1 Flow Field Adjustment Governance System
		4.2 Block Governance Scheme
		4.3 Effect of Block Governance
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Prediction Method of Casing Deformation Risk Based on Geology-Engineering Integration Model and Its Application
	1 Introduction
	2 The Features of Casing Deformation Points
		2.1 Single Factor Analysis-Large Dogleg Angle
		2.2 Single Factor Analysis-Fracture Shearing Slide
		2.3 Single Factor Analysis-Layer Plane Slide
		2.4 Composite Factors Analysis
	3 The Method of Prediction for the Casing Deformation Risk Area
	4 Field Application
		4.1 Prediction for the Casing Deformation Risk Area Before Fracturing
		4.2 Application Effect Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on the Cause of Sheet Casing Damage of Transition Zone 0-I Interlayer in the East of X6X Based on Computer Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Casing Damage and Its Main Hazards
		2.1 Hazards of Casing Damage
		2.2 Main Types of Casing Damage
	3 Casing Damage Diagnosis Method Based on Computer Tech
		3.1 Types of Casing Damage Diagnosis Methods
		3.2 Principle of Casing Damage Diagnosis Based on Computer Tech
		3.3 Casing Damage Monitoring Based on Computer Tech
	4 Study on the Cause of Sheet Casing Damage of SA 0–1 Interlayer in the East of X6X1
		4.1 Analysis of Casing Damage of SA 0–1 Interlayer in the East of X6X by Computer Tech
		4.2 Prevention and Treatment of Sheet Casing Damage of SA 0–1 Interlayer in the East of X6X
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Pore Structure Characteristics and Rational Production Scheme of the Changling Shale Oil, Southern Songliao Basin
	1 Introduction
	2 Pore Structure Characteristics of the Changling Shale Oil, Southern Songliao Basin
		2.1 SEM Analysis of Pore Structures of Shale
		2.2 Pore Structure Analysis of Shale Oil Reservoirs Based on NMR
	3 Experiments for the Dissolved Gas Drive of Shale Oil
		3.1 Influences of Pressure Drop Rates on Oil Recovery
		3.2 NMR Measurement and Analysis of Shale Oil Movability
	4 Mechanism Analysis of Enhanced Oil Recovery of Shale Oil by the Low-Drawdown Pressure Production Scheme
	5 Conclusions
	References
Optimal Design of Stimulation Measures in Low Permeability Carbonate Reservoirs: A Case Study in Iraq H Oilfield
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Ideas of Differential Design
	3 Feasibility Screening of Reservoir Stimulation Methods
	4 Optimization Design of Regional Fracturing Parameters
		4.1 Establishment of Integrated Stimulation Model
		4.2 Revision of the Comprehensive Stimulation Model
		4.3 Establishment of Integrated Stimulation Model
		4.4 Sweet Spot Grading
	5 Field Application
	6 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation and Recognition of Fracturing Effect in Ultra-Low Permeability Volatile Reservoir
	1 Preface
	2 Geological Features
	3 Evaluation of Fracturing Effect in Trial Production Stage
		3.1 The Natural Productivity of Oil Wells is Low, and the Overall Fracturing Reform Effect is Significant
		3.2 The Oil Breakthrough Rate of Large-Scale Fracture Network Fracturing Eells is Slower, and the Flowback Rate is Higher When the Oil Breaks Through, Comared with the Conventional Fracturing Wells
		3.3 Compared with Large-Scale Fracture Network Fracturing, Conventional Fracturing Has Achieved Better Fracturing Stimulation Effects in the Initial Stage
		3.4 During the Trial Production Process, the Gas-Oil Ratio Increased, and the Formation Crude Oil Gradually Degassed
		3.5 The Bottom Hole Pressure Drops Too Fast, the Flow Pressure During the Production Period is Lower Than the Saturation Pressure, and the Bottom Hole Oil Has Been Degassed
	4 The Main Factors Affecting the Fracturing Effect
		4.1 The Higher the Formation Coefficient, the Greater the Well-Controlled Reserves and the Better the Fracturing Effect
		4.2 Shut-In in the Middle of Flowback Causes the Fracturing Fluid to Stay in the Formation for a Long Time, Which Affects the Fracturing Effect
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on Thermal Productivity Multiplier of Slant Well and Vertical Well in Offshore Oilfield Thermal Recovery Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Derivation for Calculating Thermal Productivity Multiplier in Thermal Recovery Huff and Puff for Directional Well
	3 Controlling Factors of Slant Well Thermal Recovery Productivity Multiplier
	4 Validation of Slant Well Thermal Recovery Productivity Plate
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on Evaluation Method of Single Well Formation Pressure in Fracture-vuggy Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Calculation Method
		2.1 Test Method - Determining Pressure Using a Pressure Recovery Curve
		2.2 Blasingame Method to Determine Formation Pressure
		2.3 A New Method for Formation Pressure Evaluation of Fracture-vuggy Oil Wells
	3 Example
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research Frontiers and Progress in Dynamic Reserve Evaluation Using the Material Balance Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic MB Methods
		2.1 MB Equation
		2.2 Cole Plot
		2.3 Campbell Plot
		2.4 Particularity of Abnormal Pressure Reservoirs
	3 Determination of Reservoir Compressibility Coefficient
		3.1 Fluid Compressibility
		3.2 Rock Compressibility
		3.3 Effective Compressibility
	4 Reservoir with Aquifer Water Influx
		4.1 Aquifer Water Influx Models
	5 MB Methods in Different Formation Media
		5.1 Partition Processing
		5.2 Gravity, Stress, and Capillary Imbibition
	6 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
Quantitative Evaluation of the Impact of Different Drainage Effects on the Economic Efficiency of Gas Reservoirs – Take XX Typical Gas Reservoirs with Edge Water as an Example
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation of Drainage Effect of Typical Water-Bearing Gas Reservoirs in Sichuan Basin
		2.1 Drainage Well Deployment Model
	3 Economic Evaluation Model
	4 Quantitative Evaluation of the Impact of Different Drainage Well Effects on the Economic Benefits of the Gas Reservoir
	5 Case Studies
		5.1 Introducing the Typical Groundwater-Gas Reservoir Water Invasion Dynamics
		5.2 Calculation Comparison of Three Schemes
		5.3 Comparison of Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Method for Optimizing the Parameters of Tong’s Plate in Low Permeability Oilfield
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Formula for Water Content Curve
	3 Optimization of Oil Field Water Cut Curve Parameters
		3.1 Graphical Method for Block Water Drive Constants
		3.2 Optimization Results of Water Drive Constants for Each Block
	4 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Well Types and Trajectories for Development of Stratified Carbonate Gas Reservoirs
	1 Geological Feature
	2 First Section
		2.1 Optimization of Reasonable Well Spacing for Vertical Wells
		2.2 Optimization of Reasonable Well Spacing for Deviated Wells
		2.3 Optimization of Reasonable Well Spacing for Step Wells
	3 Filed Practice
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research and Practice of Integrated Precision Development of Geological Engineering Based on Single Sand Body Structure
	1 Preface
	2 Geological Overview of the Study Area
	3 Characterization of Spatial Structure of Sand Bodies
		3.1 Identification of Internal Interlayers in River Channels
		3.2 Vertical Division and Plane Boundary Identification of Single Sand Layer
		3.3 Spatial Structure Division of Sand Bodies
	4 Characterization of Residual Oil in Different Single Sand Body Structures
		4.1 Integrated Numerical Simulation and Characterization Technology of “Oil, Flow, and Potential”
		4.2 Remaining Oil Distribution and Fluid Movement characteristics
	5 Research and Practice of Geological Engineering Integrated Precision Development
		5.1 Interlayer Interference, Inter Well Retention, and Potential Tapping of Phase Change Residual Oil–Injection and Production Technology Based on Sand in the Same Well
		5.2 Unidirectional Water Injection Residual Oil Tapping–Sidetracking Ultra Short Radius Horizontal Wells
		5.3 Potential Tapping of Remaining Oil in Rhythmic Interlayers – Water Control and Plugging Technology During High Water Cut Period
	6 Implementation Effect of Integrated Precision Development of Geological Engineering
	7 Conclusion
	References
Research and Application of Fracturing Method of High Water Cut Level Well in Thin Oil Layer
	1 Introduction
	2 Potential Analysis of High Water Cut Horizontal Wells
	3 High Water Cut Horizontal Well Fracturing Potential Mining Technology
		3.1 Construct Horizontal Well Measurement-Plugging-Pressure-Replenishment Mode
		3.2 See the Analysis and Judgment of the Water Layer Segment
		3.3 Optimization of Fracturing and Digging Methods
	4 Apply Effects on the Spot
		4.1 Single Well Application Example
		4.2 Overall Implementation Effect
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chemical Flooding Well Pattern Design in QD Oilfield Transitional Zone
	1 First Section
	2 Detailed Description of the Reservoir
		2.1 Reservoir Development Status
		2.2 Reservoir Classification
	3 Research on the Deployment of Chemical Flooding Well Network in the Transition Zone
		3.1 Evolution of the Well Network in the Transition Zone
		3.2 Design Research of Chemical Flooding Well Network in Transition Zone Area
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Evaluation Method of Single Well Benefit of Tight Gas in Sichuan Basin
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation Method of Single Well Benefit
		2.1 Theoretical Basis of Single Well Benefit Evaluation
		2.2 “With and Without Contrast” Principle
		2.3 Discounted Cash Flow Method
	3 Problems in Evaluation of Single Well Benefit of Tight Gas in Sichuan Basin
		3.1 Adaptability of the Existing Evaluation Theory System
		3.2 Problems Caused by Particularity of Tight Gas Development in Sichuan Basin
	4 Suggestions on Improving the Benefit Evaluation of Single Well of Tight Gas in Sichuan Basin
		4.1 Flexible Selection of Evaluation Subjects
		4.2 Reasonably Determine the Benchmark Index of Benefit Evaluation
		4.3 Accurate Analysis of Major Uncertainties
		4.4 Appropriately Adjust the Staging Method of Benefit Evaluation
		4.5 Determine the Main Parameters According to the Benefit Evaluation Process
	5 Conclusion
	References
Shale Pore-Scale Numerical Simulation of Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory of Phase-Field Method
	3 Pore Scale Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow Model
	4 Analysis of Different Factors
		4.1 Wettability
		4.2 Oil Viscosity
		4.3 Displacement Pressure
	5 Conclusion
	References
Investigation and Application of SEC Dynamic Reserve Assessment Method for Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Decline Curve Analysis Model
		2.1 Arps’ Model
		2.2 Modified Hyperbolic Model
		2.3 Power-Law Exponential Model
		2.4 Stretched Exponential Model
		2.5 Summary of Decline Curve Analysis Model
	3 Flow Regimes for Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Reservoirs
		3.1 Flow Regimes for Hydraulically Fractured Wells
		3.2 Synthetic Case
	4 SEC Dynamic Reserve Assessment for Fractured Tight Gas Wells Using DCA Method
		4.1 Decline Curve Model for Linxing Tight Gas Wells
		4.2 Key Parameters in the DCA Model
		4.3 Application of the DCA Model in Tight Gas Field
	5 Conclusions
	References
Solubility Variation and Prediction Model of CO2-Water-Oil System
	1 Solubility Determination Experiment of CO2-Water-Crude Oil System
		1.1 Materials and Instruments
		1.2 Experimental Scheme
		1.3 Experimental Steps
	2 Experimental Results and Discussion
	3 Comparison and Correction of CO2 Solubility Prediction Models in Water-Bearing Crude Oil
		3.1 Comparative Analysis of Commonly Used Solubility Prediction Models
		3.2 Modification of Solubility Model of CO2-Water-Oil System
	4 Conclusion
	References
Application Conditions of Binomial Regression Method for Reserves Evaluation of Geopressured Gas Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Binomial Regression Method
	3 Type Curve Matching Method
	4 Workflow of Binomial Regression Method
	5 Field Examples
	6 Conclusions
	References
Adaptability Evaluation of Well Pattern System in Tight Reservoir of F Oil Layer in SZ Area
	1 Introduction
	2 Well Pattern Design
		2.1 Well Pattern Form
		2.2 Well Row Direction
		2.3 Determination of Well Spacing
	3 Well Pattern Adaptability Analysis
		3.1 Adaptability Evaluation of Well Pattern and Reservoir Sand Body
		3.2 Adaptability Evaluation of Well Pattern and Fracture
		3.3 Adaptability Evaluation of Sand Body and Fracturing Scale
		3.4 The Development Effect Analysis
	4 Measures to Improve the Adaptability of Well Pattern
		4.1 Reduce Well Spacing
		4.2 Carry Out Measures Such as Well Pattern Reconstruction, Volume Fracturing and Full Process Energy Replenishment to Improve Development Effect
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Quantitative Calculation Method of Permeability of Tight Sandstone Based on Fractal Theory
	1 Introduction
	2 Fractal Structures of Tight Sandstone Sample
		2.1 Measured Pore Sizes
		2.2 Fractal Characteristics of the Sample
	3 Fractal Theory Model
		3.1 Porosity Model
		3.2 Permeability Model
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
Productivity Evaluation of Horizontal Wells in Duvernay Shale Condensate Gas Reservoir in Canada
	1 Introduction
	2 Geology Summary [3]
		2.1 Large, Deep, Diverse Footprint with Gas, NGL, and Oil Windows
		2.2 Burial Depth and Underlying Basement Structures Drive Maturity
		2.3 Thermal Maturity Created Kerogen Porosity
		2.4 Like Maturity, TOC Tends to Increase Toward Reef Trends
		2.5 In Shale Gas Reservoirs Rich in Condensate Oil, the Resources Need to Be Artificially Fractured by Horizontal Wells to Achieve Production
	3 Condensate Content Distribution Law and Zone Division
		3.1 Distribution of Condensate Oil Content
		3.2 Main Controlling Factors Affecting Sweet Spot Distribution
		3.3 Distribution of Favorable Sweet Spots
	4 Multi-stage Fracturing Technology of Ultra-long Horizontal Well
		4.1 Through Technological Progress, the Length of the Horizontal Segment Continues to Increase
		4.2 Well Spacing and Well Pattern [18–20]
		4.3 Dense-Perforation Hydraulic Fracturing Technology
	5 Productivity Evaluation of Horizontal Wells
		5.1 Method for Determining Type Curve
		5.2 Productivity Evaluation Results of Zonal Horizontal Wells
	6 Conclusion and Understanding
	References
The Productivity Equation for Slanted Wells in Tight Water-Bearing Gas Reservoirs Considers Multiple Factors
	1 Introduction
	2 Physical Model
	3 Derivation of Productivity Formula
		3.1 Derivation of Seepage Model in Non-measure Area
		3.2 Measures of Seepage Model is Derived
		3.3 Derivation of Productivity Equation of Deviated Well
	4 Case Calculation
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Practical Algorithm of the Steady Development Period and the Declined Production in the Deep Gas Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 The Relationship Between the Production Velocity of Deep Gas Reservoir and the Production Degree at the End of Steady Development
	3 Application Instances
		3.1 Calculating the Steady Development Period
		3.2 Verification of Functional Relationship Between Gas Production Velocity and Production Degree at the End of Steady Development
		3.3 The Functional Relationship Predicts the Steady Development Period of Different Gas Production Velocitys
	4 The Functional Relationship Predicts the Production in Decline Period
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Well Location in W Reservoir Based on Machine Learning Agent Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Research on Machine Learning Agent Model Optimization Methods
		2.1 Radial Basis Neural Network Agent Model (RBF)
		2.2 Differential Evolution Algorithm (DE)
	3 Straight Well Position Optimization Method Based on Machine Learning Agent Model
		3.1 Establishment of Optimization Model for Vertical Well Location
		3.2 Coupling Agent Model with Evolutionary Optimization Framework
	4 Example Testing and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Characteristics of Global Offshore Oil and Gas Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Distribution of Offshore Oil and Gas Fields
	3 Characteristics of Changes in Offshore Oil and Gas Reserves
		3.1 Huge Offshore Oil and Gas Reserves Concentrated in Key Areas
		3.2 Slight Year-over-Year (YoY) Growth in Offshore Oil and Gas Reserves and Oil and a Notable Trend of the Replacement of Conventional Resources with Deepwater and Ultra-deepwater Oil and Gas Resources
	4 Production Trend of Offshore Oil and Gas Fields
		4.1 Large Proportion of Offshore Oil and Gas Production and Outstanding Contributions from Key Regions
		4.2 Slight Growth in Offshore Oil and Gas Production and Rapid Growth in Ultra-deepwater Oil and Gas Production
		4.3 A Large Number of Offshore Oil and Gas Fields that are Uncompleted and Those to be Built and Larger Proportions of Such Fields in the Middle East and America
	5 Characteristics of Mainstream Development Modes for Offshore Oil and Gas Fields
		5.1 Development Modes for Offshore Oil and Gas Fields
		5.2 Management Modes for Offshore Oil and Gas Projects
		5.3 Companies Providing Professional Services for Offshore Oil and Gas Fields
		5.4 Statistical Analysis of the Profits of Offshore Oil and Gas Projects
	6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		6.1 Seize Opportunities to Acquire High-Quality Offshore Oil and Gas Assets at Opportune Times, Strengthen the Development of New Deepwater Oil and Gas Fields/Projects Across the World, and Push Forward the Implementation Deep-Sea Oil and Gas Development Strategies
		6.2 Understand and Get Familiar with the Management Modes of Offshore Oil and Gas Projects as Soon as Reasonably Practicable
		6.3 Do a Good Job in the Research and Development of Offshore Exploration and Production Equipment
		6.4 Investigate the Mechanisms of Mergers and Acquisitions Involving Small and Medium-Sized Independent Oil Companies, and Strengthen Communication and Cooperation with Leading Countries and Companies in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
	References
Typical LNG Projects Characteristics and Enlightenment on Mergers and Acquisitions
	1 Global Natural Gas Resources Distribution and LNG Status
	2 Analysis and Classification of LNG Projects
	3 Analysis of Typical LNG Projects
		3.1 OLNG with Independent Gas Field Supported
		3.2 OLNG with Oil and Gas Fields Supported
		3.3 FLNG with Independent Gas Field Supported
		3.4 FLNG with Oil and Gas Fields Supported
	4 Suggestions for LNG Mergers and Acquisitions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Decline Curve Analysis with Type Curves for Variable Rate/Variable Pressure Drop in Stress Sensitive Naturally Fractured Shale Gas Reservoirs
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptual Model
	3 Analysis Workflow and Methods
		3.1 Mathematical Model
		3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Field Example
	5 Conclusions
	References
Practice and Understanding of Horizontal Well Drilling and Production Integration in Overseas Petroleum Projects
	1 The Necessity and Realistic Needs of Integrating Horizontal Well Drilling and Production
	2 The Connotation and Practice of Integrating Horizontal Well Drilling and Production
		2.1 Integration of Contract Models
		2.2 Integration of Technological Innovation and Application
		2.3 Integration of Organizational Management
	3 Main Achievements of Integrated Drilling and Production of Horizontal Wells
		3.1 Significant Effect of Integrated Production of Horizontal Well Drilling and Production
		3.2 Significant Economic Effect of Horizontal Well Drilling and Production Integration
		3.3 Establish an Integrated Technical Operation System for Horizontal Well Drilling and Production
	4 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Study on Acidizing and Fracturing Flowback Fluids Influence on Crude Oil Dehydration
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Materials and Methods
	3 Test Results and Discussion
		3.1 Water Sample Detection and Analysis
		3.2 Study on the Demulsification Effect of Acidified Crude Oil Emulsion
		3.3 Study on the Demulsification Effect of Fracturing Crude Oil Emulsion
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Study and Application on a New Evaluation Index of Gas Well Productivity in Tight Gas Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 The Variation of Unit Casing Pressure Drop Gas Production
		2.1 Definition and Calculation Method of Unit Casing Pressure Drop Gas Production
		2.2 The Variation Law of Unit Casing Pressure Drop Gas Production Theoretical Curve
	3 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Unit Casing Pressure Drop Gas Production
		3.1 Permeability
		3.2 Gas Drainage Radius
		3.3 Stress Sensitivity
		3.4 Production Allocation
	4 Case Applications
		4.1 Evaluation of Gas Well Productivity
		4.2 Evaluate the Rationality of Gas Well Production Allocation and Optimize the Production System
		4.3 Using IC Index Extreme Value to Estimate Gas Well Dynamic Reserves
	5 Conclusion
	References
Gas Reservoir Reserves Utilization Study Based on Well Testing and Petrophysical Analysis: A Case Study in MH Gas Field, China
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A Subsection Sample
	2 Analysis of Typical Well Testing Curve
		2.1 Radial Composite Model with Improved Periphery
		2.2 Partial Perforation Model
		2.3 Well Test Curve Analysis of MH Gas Field
	3 Re-understanding of Gas Reservoir Seepage Characteristics
		3.1 Re-understanding of Gas Reservoir Connectivity Characteristics
		3.2 Re-understanding of Reservoir Characteristics of Well Testing
	4 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Influencing Factors of Liquid Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Factors Influencing Reasonable Liquid Production
		2.1 Establishment of Mechanism Model
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Permeability
		3.2 Permeability Variation Coefficient
		3.3 Api°
		3.4 Well Spacing
		3.5 Water Cut
		3.6 Dimensionless Processing
	4 Application Effect
	5 Conclusions
	References
Proposing a Coning Correlation for a Low Recovery Factor Mature Reservoir: An Examination of Reservoir Dynamics
	1 Introduction
	2 Field Overview
	3 Drive Mechanism
	4 Production Analysis
	5 Gas Coning Problem
	6 Coning Correlation Development
		6.1 Addington Correlation
		6.2 Improved Addington Correlation
		6.3 Discussion and Comparison with Other Work
	7 Application to the Simulation Study
	8 Conclusions
	Appendix A
	Appendix B
	References
Application of the Coupling Model of Gas Reservior, Wellbore and Restrictor in Sulige Gas Field
	1 Introduction
		1.1 A Subsection Sample
	2 Establishment of Gas-Well Integrated Coupling Prediction Model
		2.1 Selection of Gas Reservoir Simulation Mathematical Model
		2.2 Wellbore Flow Simulation Mathematical Model
		2.3 Throttle Simulation Mathematical Model
	3 Establishment of Integrated Coupling Mathematical Model
	4 Solution of Reservoir-Wellbore - Throttler Integrated Coupling Model
	5 Application Instance
	6 Conclusion
	References
Global Helium Supply and Helium Supply Safety for China
	1 Introduction
	2 Worldwide Distribution and Supply Pattern of Helium Resources
		2.1 Global Helium Resources Are Unevenly Distributed
		2.2 Global Helium Demand is Rising, and Helium Supply is Tight
	3 Distribution and Supply Pattern of Helium Resources in China
		3.1 China’s Helium Reserves Are Small, and Most of Them Are Helium-Poor Fields
		3.2 China’s Helium Industry Started Late, and Key Technologies and Equipment Need to Be Tackled Urgently
		3.3 China has a High Consumption of Helium and Relies Heavily on Imports
	4 Helium Supply Security Suggestions for China
	5 Conclusion
	References
Geological Characteristics and Identification Standards of High Production Horizontal Wells Target Layers in Shale Reservoir
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of Overseas Shale Oil High-Yield Target
		2.1 Canada Duvernay Formation Shale
		2.2 North American Wolfcamp Formation Shale
	3 Characteristics and Identification Standards of Domestic Shale Oil High-Yield Target
		3.1 Qingshankou Formation Shale in Gulong
		3.2 Lower Ganchaigou Formation Shale in Yingxiongling
	4 Conclusion
	References
Low Resistivity Pay Carbonate Reservoirs Water Saturation Estimation Problems and Solutions (A Case Study in the Middle East, Shuaiba Carbonate Reservoir)
	1 Shuaiba Reservoir Description
	2 LRPs Reservoir Specifications
	3 Solutions
		3.1 Analyzing Effect of Conductive Minerals on Resistivity Tool Response
		3.2 Analyzing Effect of Clay Type
		3.3 Analyzing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Log Data (NMR)
		3.4 Pore Throat Size Determination
		3.5 Saturation Height Modeling (SwHt)
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Analysis of Comprehensive Solutions Aimed to Optimize Costs and Increase Oil Production Efficiency of Active Producing Wells (A Case Study of Gazpromneft-Khantos LLC)
	1 Introduction
	2 Geology and Reservoir Engineering
	3 Energy Efficiency
	4 Oil Production Technologies
	5 Well Interventions and Hydraulic Fracturing
	6 Oil Production Chemicals
	7 Enhancement Hypotheses for Further Testing
	8 Economic Performance
	9 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of CO2 Storage Capacity in Saline Aquifer and Geological Traps Using Reservoir Simulation Approach
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Why Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
		1.2 Where Can Captured Carbon Dioxide be Stored
		1.3 Geological Sequestration
		1.4 Injection and Migration Process
		1.5 Vision for CO2 Storage
	2 Mechanisms of CO2 Storages
		2.1 Hydrodynamic Trapping
		2.2 Residual Trapping
		2.3 Solubility Trapping
		2.4 Mineral Trapping
	3 Vertical Equilibrium Models and Spill Points
		3.1 Spill-Point Approach to Trap Analysis
	4 Injection and Migration Study
		4.1 Skade Formation (Case Study)
		4.2 CO2 Storage in ZH8NG Reservoir
	5 Conclusion
	References
The New Approach to Field Infrastructure Design Based on Multi-parameter Optimization
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Existing Modeling Approaches
		1.2 Comparison with Existing Analogues
	2 Complex Optimization of Field Infrastructure
		2.1 Construction Cost Mapping for Facility Construction/routing
		2.2 Clustering of Geological Targets into Well Pads
		2.3 Construction of Well Trajectories
		2.4 Optimization of Surface Infrastructure Topology
	3 Technological Calculations for Development Options
		3.1 Multiphase Flow Calculation Module in Pipeline Systems
		3.2 Voltage Loss Calculation in Power Transmission Lines
	4 Software for Conceptual Design Problem Solving
		4.1 Working with the Digital Model of Existing Infrastructure
		4.2 Optimization Tasks and Technological Evaluation of Development Options
	5 Examples of Applying the Approach in Practice
		5.1 Development of a Concept for a Prospective Field
		5.2 Reengineering of an Existing Asset
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Ideal Range for Reducing Oil Viscosity Through Hot Water Injection in a Heavy Oil Field
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment Part
	3 Conclusion
	References
A Comprehensive Analytical Approach to Multistage Formation Fracturing and Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Fracture Mathematical Modeling
		2.1 Mathematical Treatments of Injection
		2.2 Mathematical Treatments of Production
	3 Simulation Comparison and Case Study
		3.1 Fracture Pad Geometry Modeling
		3.2 Flowback Modeling
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Surrogate Fracture Cleanup Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Dimensionless Parameters
		2.2 Preparation of Dataset
		2.3 Metric
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Oil Reserves Localization of Low Permeable Clastic Reservoirs with Order Layered Structure at the Mature Production Fields
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Aims of the Project
		1.2 General Information of X-Field
	2 Influence of Heterogeneities on Oil Field Development
		2.1 Microlayered Heterogeneity
		2.2 Ordered Type Layered (Textural) Heterogeneity
		2.3 Granulometric (Macrolayered) Heterogeneity
	3 «Unconventional» Approach of Oil Field Reserves Localization at the Mature Production Fields
	4 Conclusions
	References
Distribution Pattern and Development Strategies of Structural Remaining Oil in Fracture-Vuggy Reservoirs
	1 Preface
	2 Identification and Characterization of the Internal Structure of the Fracture Cavity Reservoir
		2.1 Prediction of the Internal Structure of Fractures and Caves by Geophysical Results
		2.2 Fine Calibration and Interpretation of Reservoir Structure Around the Well Based on Actual Drilling Results
		2.3 Correction of Internal Structure of Reservoirs Based on Production Monitoring Results
	3 Structural Residual Oil Distribution Pattern
	4 Countermeasures for Using Structural Residual Oil
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Method for Accelerating Historical Fitting of Reservoir Numerical Simulation Based on Mass Equilibrium and Monte Carlo Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Material Balance Equation\'s Universal Expression
		2.2 Calculation Model of Water Influx
	3 Application of Material Balance Method
		3.1 Estimation of Global Sensitivity Parameters
		3.2 Uncertainty Analysis
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Theoretical Calculation Example
		4.2 Actual Oilfield Calculation Example
	5 Conclusions
	References
Author Index