Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing & Ambient Intelligence (UCAmI 2022)

Preface
Organization
	Our Staff
	Steering Committee
	Organization Committee
	Track Chairs
	AmI for Health and (A3L) (Ambient, Active and Assisted Living)
	Internet of EveryThing (IoT, People and Processes) and Sensors
	Human-Computer Interaction
	Smart Environments
	Security, Privacy and Trust for AmI
	Satellite Events
	Special Session: Cybersecurity, Network Analysis and Monitoring for the Next Generation Internet
	Program Committee
Contents
About the Editors
AmI FOR Health and A3L (Ambient, Active and Assisted Living)
MoveLeg: An Assistive Device for the Motor Tele-Rehabilitation of the Lower Limbs
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Contextual Study and Design Insights
	4 MoveLeg: Development
	5 Pilot Evaluation and Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Association Between Objectively Measured Shoulder Kinematics and Fear Avoidance Beliefs in Women with Latissimus Dorsi Flap Breast Reconstruction
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methods
		3.1 Recruitment
		3.2 Data Collection
		3.3 Data Analysis
	4 Results
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Validity of Using a Driving Game Simulator to Study the Visual Attention Differences in Young and Older Adults
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Experimental Equipment
		3.1 SiMIPAV Functionality
		3.2 Simulator
	4 Method
		4.1 Procedure
		4.2 Variables of Visual Behaviors and Data Analysis
	5 Results
		5.1 Association Between Visual Behaviors Variables and Velocity
		5.2 Association of Glance Duration and Number of Glances
		5.3 Contrasting Visual Behaviors by Age Groups
		5.4 Usability
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Digital Twins-Based Data Fabric Architecture to Enhance Data Management in Intelligent Healthcare Ecosystems
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 A Data Fabric Architecture Integrating Digital Twins
		3.1 Data Life Cycles for Data Management
		3.2 An eXtended Data Life Cycle for Data Management (X-DLC): A Data Fabric Architecture Approach Integrating Digital Twins
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Prototype Main Characteristics
		4.2 Evaluation
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Swarm Intelligence Based Multi-Agent Communication Model for Securing Healthcare Ecosystem
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
	3 State of the Art
	4 Architecture of the Multi-Agent Security System
	5 SI Based Multi-Agent Communication Model
	6 Preliminary Evaluation
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Reusable Software Platform for Delivery of Digital Interventions
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work and Motivation
	3 Implementation
	4 Experimental Evaluation
		4.1 My Diary App
		4.2 AQT Client App
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 AQT Study
		5.2 ACT Study
	6 Conclusion
	References
Balance Evaluation by Inertial Measurement Unit
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objective
	2 Previous Work
	3 Data Acquisition and Methods
	4 Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
Emotion Recognition from Human Gait Using Machine Learning Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Dataset
		2.2 Descriptive Analysis
		2.3 Feature Extraction
		2.4 Emotion Classification
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Analysis
		3.2 Emotion Classification
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Convolutional Neural Network for Monkeypox Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dataset Description
		2.2 Data Preprocessing
		2.3 Data Classification
		2.4 Evaluation
	3 Experimentation and Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
The Effect of Socio-Temporal Factors in the Prediction of Home Healthcare Service Utilization
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Mathematical Formulation
	4 Home Healthcare Service Data
	5 Home Healthcare Service Utilization Model
	6 Conclusion
	References
Proposal for the Evaluation of the Teaching/Learning Process in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Through a Mobile Application with Augmented Reality
	1 Introduction
	2 Purpose of the Study
	3 Study Proposal
	4 Project Architecture
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Fine-Tuning AlexNet for Bed Occupancy Detection in Low-Resolution Thermal Sensor Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Implementation
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
NEARS-Hub, a Lightweight Edge Computing for Real-Time Monitoring in Smart Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 NEARS-Hub System Architecture
		2.1 IoT-Based Ecosystem Devices
		2.2 NEARS-Hub Edge Node
	3 Design and Implementation
		3.1 Physical and Software Components
		3.2 Interoperability
		3.3 Flexibility
		3.4 Scalability
	4 Performance Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Integration of NFC Technology into the Process of Prescription-Dispensation-Administration of Medication to Patients over 65 years Old at Home
	1 Introduction
	2 Objectives
	3 Development
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Comparison Between Running on a Treadmill in a Simulator and in a Video Game
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature on the State of the Art
	3 Description of the Selected Hardware and Software
	4 Experiments Description and Scope
	5 Results
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A Template-Based Method for Automatic Anthropometric Measurements from Multiple 3D Scans
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Data Preprocessing
		3.3 Model Fitting
		3.4 Obtaining Measurement Areas
		3.5 Calculation of Anthropometric Measurements
	4 Experimental Results
		4.1 Measure Comparison on Various Body Areas
		4.2 Measure Comparison on Multiple Bodies
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Towards Esophagitis and Barret's Esophagus Endoscopic Images Classification: An Approach with Deep Learning Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dataset Description
		2.2 Data Preprocessing
		2.3 Data Classification
		2.4 Validation
	3 Experiments and Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
First Experiences in the Process of Developing a Low-Cost Machine Learning Prototype Model Using an Open Access Dataset of Chronic Kidney Diseases – A Case of Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Tools to Be Used
		3.3 Algorithms to Be Used in the Models
	4 Results
		4.1 Comparison of Effectiveness and Behavior of Algorithms
		4.2 Comparative Analysis of the Best Models
	5 Discussion
	6 Limitations
	7 Conclusions
	References
Evaluation of the NOM-035 Smart Manager: A System for Identifying the Psychological Risk Factors Levels of University Academics
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Related Work
		2.1 The Norm NOM-035 and Its Instruments
		2.2 Technology for Detecting Stress
		2.3 Recommender Systems in Health
	3 Methods
	4 The NOM-035 Smart Manager System
		4.1 System Design
		4.2 System Development
	5 Evaluation Study
		5.1 Participants
		5.2 Methods
		5.3 Procedure
		5.4 Results
	6 Conclusion, Future Work and Limitations
	References
Is There a Relationship Between Covid Cases and the Economically Active Population? Success Story Ecuador
	1 Introduction
	2 Model and Theory
	3 Experimentation
	4 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Study of Different Seat Allocation Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Contagion Among Passengers in a Public Road Transport System
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Goals and Challenges
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Formal Framework
		4.2 Destination Stop Estimation
		4.3 Estimation of the Interactions Between Transport System Users
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Elderly, Their Emotions and Deep Learning Techniques to Help Their Dignified and Positive Aging
	1 Introduction
	2 Elderly, their Emotions and the 4RI
		2.1 ML and DL Applications in Facial Recognition and Emotions
		2.2 Relevance of Analysis of Emotions in the EDP Model
	3 Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning for EDP
	4 Facial Expression Recognition Platform
		4.1 Cloud Platform for Facial Expression Recognition Proposed
		4.2 Preliminary Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Design and Evaluation of Proactive Behavior in Conversational Assistants: Approach with the Eva Companion Robot
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 EVA General Design
		3.1 The EVA Robotics Platform
		3.2 Requirements of a Proactive and Affective Social Robot
	4 Implementing Proactive and Natural Behaviors in EVA
		4.1 Vision-Based Services
		4.2 Proactive Service
		4.3 Affectivity
	5 Evaluation
		5.1 Protocol
		5.2 Results
		5.3 Facial Recognition Tunning
	6 Conclusions
	References
Development of a Quantitative Tool Based on Deep Learning for Automatic Apraxia Detection (DLAAD)
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Dataset
		2.2 Neural Network-Based Method
		2.3 Experimentation
	3 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Exploring the Affordances of Immersive Visualization Spaces: A Use Case About COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 Immersive Visualizations
	3 A COVID Taxonomy
	4 COVID Immersive Visualization Space
	5 User Evaluation
		5.1 Participants
		5.2 Apparatus
		5.3 Data Collection
		5.4 Procedure
		5.5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
On the Monitorization of Fear and Anxiety in a Virtual Therapy Assistant for the Treatment of Animal Phobias
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptual Model for a Virtual Therapy Assistant
	3 Monitoring Module Evaluation Design
	4 Preliminary Results
		4.1 Result of the Psychological Approach
		4.2 Results of the Physiological Approach
		4.3 Results of the Behavioral Approach
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Recommendation Ubiquitous System to Personalize Diet for Children with Obesity
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methods
		3.1 Wearable Activity Tracker for Estimating Daily Burned Calories
		3.2 Mobile Application for Preventing and Reducing the Obesity in Children
		3.3 Computing the Recommended Calories per Day Using Fuzzy Logic
		3.4 Food Database for Computing Weekly Menu
		3.5 Food Heuristics for Greedy Search of Personalized Menus
	4 Case Study and Results
	5 Conclusions and Ongoing Works
	References
Imitator: A Mobile Application for Rehabilitation of Emotion Recognition
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Analysis
	4 Design
		4.1 Game Selection
		4.2 Imitate the Emotion
		4.3 Results
		4.4 Statistics
	5 Implementation
	6 Conclusions and Further Work
	References
Towards an Information Screening-Based Model to Cope with the Negative Impact of COVID-19 Disease Infodemic
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Managing the Infodemic of the COVID-19 Disease
	4 Information Filtering System
	5 Preliminary Evaluation of Information Filtering System
	6 Results
	7 Discussion
	8 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Analysis of Accelerometer Data for Personalised Abnormal Behaviour Detection in Activities of Daily Living
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Environment Setup, Volunteers and ADLs
		3.1 Setting up the Environment
		3.2 Recruiting Volunteers
		3.3 Defining the Activities of Daily Living
	4 Analysis and Evaluation of Results
		4.1 Data Processing and Analysis
		4.2 Evaluation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Comparison of Three Supervised Machine Learning Classification Methods for the Diagnosis of PD
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Dataset Description
		2.2 Data Preprocessing
		2.3 Selection Features
		2.4 Machine Learning Methods
		2.5 Metrics of Evaluation
	3 Experiments and Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Control and Help System for People Suffering from Mood Disorder
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General Information
		1.2 Factors Associated with Mental Illness
		1.3 System Analysis and Modeling
	References
Monitoring of Babies´ Physical Development According to AmI Paradigm
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Background
		1.3 Research Purpose
	2 Methods
		2.1 Description of the Measuring Procedure
		2.2 Description of the Dynamic Pressure Map Capture System
	3 Results
		3.1 Data Structure of Pressure Matrix Values
		3.2 Pressure Data Processing
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A Proposal for Data Collection and Process Automatization for Ubiquitous Engagement with Mental Health Organizations
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposal Overview
	3 Web Application
	4 Conversational Assistant
	5 Android Application
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Internet of Everything (IoT + People + Processes) and Sensors
Modulating Users' Involvement in Interactive Machine Learning Solutions: A Model Cascade Strategy
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 The Model Cascade Approach for Interactive ML
	4 Procedure and Methodology
	5 Analysis and Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Domestic Violence Detection Using Smart Microphones
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 Audio Classifier Component
		4.1 Dataset Collection
		4.2 Visualisation and DL Models
		4.3 Feature Extraction
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Towards Recognition of Driver Drowsiness States by Using ECG Signals
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Self-rating of Drowsiness
		2.2 ECG Signals
		2.3 Data Collection
		2.4 Data Processing
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Human-AI Collaboration to Promote Trust, Engagement and Adaptation in the Process of Pro-environmental and Health Behaviour Change
	1 Introduction
	2 Digital Behaviour Change Interventions to Promoting Sustainable and Better Life-Habits
	3 Essential Collaborative Challenges
		3.1 Trust
		3.2 Engagement
		3.3 Adaptation and Customization
	4 Definitions of Hybrid Intelligence
	5 Hybrid Intelligence System for Behaviour Change
	6 Conclusions
	References
Serverless Security Analysis for IoT Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 IoT Security
		2.1 Security Threats in IoT Applications
		2.2 Attack Scenarios
	3 Security Analysis in Serverless Applications
		3.1 Security Threats in Serverless Architectures
		3.2 DoW Threat in Serverless Architectures
	4 Discussions and Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Hypervisor Architectures for Improving Cybersecurity in IoT Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Brief Review of Hypervisors
	3 Security Comparison of Hypervisor Types
	4 Discussion, Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Alexa, Do What I Want To. Implementing a Voice Spoofing Attack Tool for Virtual Voice Assistants
	1 Introduction
	2 Developed Attack Tool
	3 Testing of the Bot
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Approach to a Lower Body Gait Generation Model Using a Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Methods
		3.1 Data Acquisition
		3.2 Data Processing
		3.3 Network Architecture
	4 Results
		4.1 Observational Appraisal
		4.2 Visual Analysis
		4.3 Numerical Analysis
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Development of a MIot Gait Tracking Platform
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Delimitations
	2 Related Work
	3 Hardware Platform of the Insole Devices
		3.1 MCU
		3.2 Sensors
	4 Application Firmware of the Insole Devices
		4.1 User Application
		4.2 OTA Firmware Update
	5 Conclusions
	References
A FaaS Approach for Long-Term Monitoring in Rehabilitation
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Case Study
	4 Our Approach
		4.1 Model Generation and Analysis
		4.2 Request Processing
		4.3 Function Selection and Execution
		4.4 Subscription Management
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Smart Rollators as a Cost-Effective Solution for Personalized Assistance Healthcare Ecosystem in Elderly Communities*-12pt
	1 Introduction
	2 Toward Assistive Devices as Services in Healthcare 4.0
	3 User Condition Monitoring Services: The Walk-IT Case
		3.1 The Walk-IT Rollator
		3.2 Gait Assessment Service
		3.3 ROS2: Healthcare 4.0 Technology duck-tape
	4 Experiments and Results
		4.1 Volunteers Description
		4.2 Data Preprocessing
		4.3 Results Analysis and Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Interference-Aware Power Control for Spectrum Sharing Massive-IoT Communications
	1 Introduction
	2 System Model
	3 Channel and Power Allocation
		3.1 Shared and Partitioned Spectrum Approaches
		3.2 Power Allocation Based on Genetic Algorithm (GA)
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
People Detection in Inaccessible Indoor Environments Using an Arduino-based Robot Platform
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Arduino-based Robot Platform Design
	4 Experiments
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Orchestration Strategies for Enabling Coexistence Between 5G New Radio Access Technologies and Federated Scientific Instruments for Atmospheric Observation
	1 Introduction
	2 Techniques for Electromagnetic Compatibility in the Microwave and mmWave Spectrum
	3 An Orchestration Solution for 5G New Radio and Microwave Radiometers
		3.1 A Numerical Model for the Interference Between 5G NR and Radiometers
		3.2 Orchestration Solution to Facilitate the Coexistence of 5G NR and Radiometers
	4 Experimental Validation: Simulation and Results
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Analysis and Deployment of a LoRaWAN Network at a University Campus
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objectives and Methodology
	2 Coverage Study
		2.1 Simulator Coverage
		2.2 Measurement Coverage
	3 Architecture
		3.1 Device
		3.2 Edge
		3.3 Cloud
	4 Simulation with HTZ Communications
	5 Measured Coverage Study
		5.1 Engineering School's Gateway Results
		5.2 General Measurement of both Gatewys
	6 Conclusion
	References
Using a Distributed Sensor Network to Educate Children About IoT Leakage of Sensitive Information
	1 Background
	2 The Project and Research Approach
	3 The Distributed Sensor Network
	4 Results
		4.1 Devices Identifiable as Laptops with Bluetooth Enabled
		4.2 Devices Identifiable as Smartphones with Bluetooth Enabled
	5 Conclusion
	References
Semi-autonomous Point Cloud Mapping and Post-processing of Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 TUMindoor
		2.2 Remote Sensing
		2.3 Denoise Algorithms
		2.4 Downsampling Algorithm
		2.5 Clustering Algorithm
		2.6 Curve Fitting Algorithm
		2.7 Ramer-Douglas-Peucker Algorithm
	3 Implementation
		3.1 Material
		3.2 Drone Autonomy
		3.3 Post-processing
	4 Method
		4.1 Experiment Setup
		4.2 Post-processing on Data Collected from Experiments
	5 Result
		5.1 Software
		5.2 Experiment One
		5.3 Experiment Two
		5.4 Experiment Three
	6 Discussion
		6.1 Future Improvements
	7 Conclusions
	References
Open-Source, Decentralized Autonomous Drone-Based Delivery System
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Architecture of a Flying Drone
		3.1 Mechatronic System Design Methodology
		3.2 ArduPilot Autopilot Control Algorithms
		3.3 Ground Control Station (GCS)
	4 Proposed Framework
	5 Software Architecture
		5.1 Decentralized Application
		5.2 Creating and Exchanging Certificates Using SharkPKI
		5.3 ASAP
	6 Conclusion
	References
Design and Implementation of a Professional Kitchen IoT Hub
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Developing Environmental Adaptative Comfort Using Internet of Things and Business Process Management: Application in a University Building
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Indoor Air Quality
		2.2 Acoustic Comfort
		2.3 Thermal Comfort
	3 Process Management System for Distributed IoT Management in Classrooms
		3.1 User Profiles
		3.2 BPM Processes
	4 Experimental Work
		4.1 Work Scenario
		4.2 IoT Environment Device
		4.3 Data
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Investigation of the Relationship Between Indoor Air Quality and Physical Activity
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Internet of Things
		1.2 Air Quality
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Architecture
		2.2 Computer Laboratory Testing – Test Plan 1
		2.3 Small Room Testing of Activity – Test Plan 2
	3 Results
		3.1 Comparison of IAQ and Commercial IAQ Sensor
		3.2 IAQ Sensor Calibration
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Calibration and Reliability
		4.2 Data Dependence
	5 Conclusion
	References
Fostering Multi-stakeholder Collaboration Through Co-production and Rewarding
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 INTERLINK Collaborative Environment
		3.1 Collaboration Enablers: INTERLINKERs
		3.2 Co-production Guidance Through Collaborative Environment
	4 Conclusion and Further Work on Rewards Integration
	References
Change Detection Methods for Images Captured by Stationary Camera’s
	1 Introduction
	2 Change Detection Methods
		2.1 Mathematical Methods
		2.2 Neural Network Methods
	3 Mathematical vs Neural Network Methods
	4 Conclusions
	References
Towards Psychophysiological Markers for Affect-Aware Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Instrumentation
		2.3 Study Procedure
		2.4 Features Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Smart Accreditation (SAcre): An IoT Context-Aware Computing Solution for Identification
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description
		2.1 Hardware Infrastructure
		2.2 A Taxonomy of Functionalities
	3 A Study Case: The Conference Site
		3.1 Conference Functionalities
		3.2 Conference Apps
		3.3 BLE Communications
		3.4 SAcre Natural Interactions
		3.5 The Conference Context Awareness
	4 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
A Predictive Waste Collection Management System: IoT Device for Smart Containers and System Architecture
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Eco-IoT System Design
		3.1 IoT System Architecture
		3.2 IoT and Control Hardware
		3.3 Wireless Charging
		3.4 Embedded Software
		3.5 Data Management
	4 Pilot Validation
		4.1 Functional Validation of the Mechanical Compaction System
		4.2 Signal Processing and Data Acquisition
		4.3 Full System Analysis
	5 Future Works
	References
Internet of Things (IoT)-Based System for Classroom Access Control and Resource Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed System
		3.1 Development of SISGERA
		3.2 Results of the Application of the Methodology
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A Proposal for the Remote Management of Hygrothermal Comfort Conditions in Mobile Chicken Coops Applying Precision Livestock Technologies and Mobile Computing
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
		2.1 Literature Review
		2.2 System Design and Components Functionalities
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
An IoT-Based System Architecture for Monitoring Hydroponic Growing in Urban Agriculture
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Urban Agriculture
		2.2 Hydroponics Production
		2.3 Nutritive Solutions
		2.4 Relevant Variables to Be Monitored
		2.5 IoT Paradigm
		2.6 Telegram Social Network
	3 Related Work
	4 System Architecture
		4.1 Architectural Design
	5 Implementation of the System Architecture
		5.1 Sensing Layer
		5.2 Microcontrolling Layer
		5.3 Data Transmission Layer
		5.4 Data Processing Layer
		5.5 Application Layer
	6 System Evaluation
	7 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
FreeDSM: An Open IoT Device for Citizen Light Pollution Monitoring
	1 Light Pollution Awareness
		1.1 State of the Art
		1.2 Rising Awareness as the Solution
	2 The Device: FreeDSM, Dark Sky Meter
		2.1 Connectivity
		2.2 Light Sensor
	3 Data Communication Architecture
	4 Conclusions
	References
CEN/TS 17660 in Air Quality Systems for Data Quality Validation and Certification over Smart Spot Air Quality Systems*-12pt
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Devices
		2.2 Co-location Test
		2.3 Sensitivity Analysis
		2.4 Data Collection
	3 Results
		3.1 Sensor Evaluation
		3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
An Approach to Monitoring Particulate Matter Based Pollution Using Low-Cost Sensing
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 MEMS Based PM Sensing Solutions
		2.2 Emissive Radiation PM Sensing Solutions
		2.3 Gravimetric Based PM Sensing Solutions
		2.4 Comparison Between Classes of Sensors
	3 A MEMS PM Sensing Solution
		3.1 Sensor Design
		3.2 Solution Architecture and Infrastructure
	4 Evaluation of MEMS Sensor Accuracy
		4.1 Comparing MEMS Sensor Against Gold Standard Using AQI
		4.2 Reducing Sample Rate to Match Gold Standards
		4.3 Environment of Collection
		4.4 Seasonality
		4.5 Evaluation of Raw Sensor Data
		4.6 Evaluation of the Data Accuracy
	5 Increasing Accuracy of MEMS Based PM Sensing Algorithmically
		5.1 Approaches of Calibrations
		5.2 Results of Calibration Curve Fitting Application
		5.3 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	7 Future Work
	References
Smart Environment
Integration of the Resource of Electric Energy into Enterprise-Resource-Planning for the Compliance of EU Policies
	1 Data Exchange in SAP
		1.1 Basics SAP Data Exchange
		1.2 Data Export with RFC
		1.3 Data Import with RFC
	2 Case Study
	3 Conclusion
	References
Synthetic Generation of Electrical Consumption Traces in Smart Homes
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Energy Consumption Real Traces
		2.2 Non-intrusive Load Monitoring
		2.3 Synthetic Traces
	3 Synthetic Energy Consumption Trace Generation
		3.1 Aggregation of Individual Devices
		3.2 Individual Appliance Consumption Modelling
	4 Temporal Variation Patterns
		4.1 Variations Throughout the Day
		4.2 Variations Due to Weekends and Holidays
		4.3 Variations Throughout the Year
		4.4 Vacation Periods and Other Abnormal Days
	5 Conclusions
	References
Linguistic Summaries for Dwellings Energy Poverty Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 IoT and Energy Poverty
		2.2 Linguistic Protoforms
	3 Monitoring System Architecture for Energy Poverty
		3.1 Layers of Architecture
		3.2 Communication Between Layers
	4 Linguistic Protoforms for Energy Poverty Indicators
		4.1 Linguistic Expressions for Streams of Data
		4.2 Linguistic Protoforms of Energy Poverty
	5 Case Study
	6 Conclusions
	References
Ambient Monitoring System for Contagion Risk Assessment of Airborne Transmission Diseases in the Hospitality Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 System Description
		3.1 Hardware Design
		3.2 Dataflow, Cloud Architecture and Frontend
	4 Tests and Results
		4.1 Pilot Test Setup
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusions
	6 Future Work
	References
An Approach to Extract and Compare Metadata of Human Activity Recognition (HAR) Data Sets
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Open Data Set Lifecycle
		3.1 Main Issues and Challenges
	4 Proposed Approach
		4.1 NER-Based Data Driven Approach
		4.2 Ontology-Based Knowledge Driven Approach
	5 Comparison
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Challenges and Opportunities for the Recognition of Human Activity in Supervised Flats
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Architecture Proposed
	4 Findings and Challenges
	5 Conclusion
	References
Extended Belief Rule Base Model with Novel Rule Generation for Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition Under Big Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of EBRB Model
		2.1 Fundamentals of EBRB Construction
		2.2 Fundamentals of EBRB Inference
	3 EBRB Model for Sensor-Based HAR Under Instances of Big Data
		3.1 Challenge Faced by the Original EBRB Model
		3.2 Novel Rule Generation Scheme Based on Probability Estimation
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Comparative Analysis with Benchmark Classifiers
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Software Tool and a Metamodel for Digital Twins of Inhabited Smart Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Simulation Meta-Model
		3.1 Needs
		3.2 Solutions
		3.3 Steps
		3.4 Sensors
	4 Technical Aspects
	5 Use Cases and Applications
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Overcoming the Lack of Data to Improve Prediction and Treatment of Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 The Proposed Architecture
	4 Data Collection and Transformation
	5 Experimentation
		5.1 Supervised and Unsupervised Analysis
		5.2 Results and Dashboards
	6 Conclusions
	References
ThermalYOLO: A Person Detection Neural Network in Thermal Images for Smart Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Image Pairing via Homography and Dataset Generation
		3.2 Transfer Learning and Fine-tuning YOLO
		3.3 Output Post-processing
	4 Experimentation
		4.1 Datasets
		4.2 Results
	5 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Clustering Study of Vehicle Behaviors Using License Plate Recognition
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Clustering Algorithms and Metrics
		3.2 Setup
		3.3 Dataset
	4 Experiments
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Reliability Analysis of Smart Home Sensor Systems Based on Probabilistic Model Checking
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Preliminaries
		3.1 Markov Chain
		3.2 Probabilistic Model Checking
	4 Reliability Analysis Framework Based on Probabilistic Model Checking
	5 Case Study
		5.1 Formal Model in the Normal Scenario
		5.2 Formal Model in an Abnormal Scenario
		5.3 SHSS Reliability Properties Specifications, Probability Verification and Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Review of Deep Learning Methods for Detection of Gatherings and Abnormal Events for Public Security
	1 Introduction
	2 Systematic Review
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
User - Smart Building Interactions: An Analysis of Privacy and Productivity Human Factors
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Privacy Factor
		3.2 Productivity Factor
	4 Results
		4.1 Privacy Analysis
		4.2 Productivity Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Designing a Context-Aware Smart Notifications System for Precision Agriculture
	1 Introduction
	2 System Characteristics
	3 Methodology
	4 Evaluation Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Human-Computer Interaction for AmI
Modeling Interactions and Awareness Capabilities of Mobile Collaborative Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 CIMoL Modeler
		3.1 Modeling Phases and Work Ambits
		3.2 Modeling Roles and Interactions
		3.3 Modeling Interaction and Awareness Services
		3.4 Modeling Prototypes
	4 Evaluation of the Modeling Tool
		4.1 Process Participants
		4.2 Interaction Process Description
		4.3 Evaluation Instruments
		4.4 Evaluation Results
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Gesture Coding: Easing the Introduction to Block-Based Programming Languages with Motion Controls
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Gesture Coding
		3.1 User Interface
		3.2 Blocks
		3.3 Gestures and Gesture Recognition
	4 User Study
		4.1 Participants
		4.2 Procedure
		4.3 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
LEDBoard: Using Visual Feedback to Support Text Entry with Physical Keyboards
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Method
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Participants
		3.3 Procedure
	4 Results
		4.1 Typing Speed and Total Error Rate
		4.2 Error-correcting Behaviour
		4.3 Glancing Behaviour
		4.4 Subjective Feedback
	5 Discussion
	6 Code and Data Availability
	References
Using Crowdsensing to Uncover the Emotional and Subjective Well-Being Perceptions of Children in Underserved Urban Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Associating Emotional Response to the Urban Environment
		2.2 Walking for Collecting Information on the Urban Environment
	3 Methods and Materials
		3.1 Study Context
		3.2 Materials
		3.3 Participants
		3.4 Data Collection
		3.5 Data Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Quantitative Analysis and Results
		4.2 Qualitative Analysis and Results
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
“Matching Learning”: Profiling and Clustering Users on Tinder Based on Emotion and Sentiment Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Evaluation and Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Challenges and Opportunities for Designing Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Interventions (EMIs) in Mental Health
	1 Introduction
	2 Use of Technologies and EMIs for Mental Health
	3 Intervention Strategies in EMIs
		3.1 EMIs from a Technology Point of View
		3.2 Interacting with EMIs Through Participants’ Senses
		3.3 Textual and Multimedia Content Within EMIs
	4 Challenges and Opportunities for EMIs in Mental Health
		4.1 Designing Interventions
		4.2 Tailoring of Interventions
		4.3 Technologies for Interventions
	5 Conclusions
	References
Hand Gesture Preferences Analysis for a Virtual Reality Scenario
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Learning with VR
		2.2 HCI in VR
		2.3 Gesture Classification
		2.4 Similar Applications
	3 Preparation
		3.1 Gesture Definitions
		3.2 Application
	4 Experimentation
	5 Results and Analysis
		5.1 Average Tutorial Revisits per Gesture
		5.2 Average Precision per Gesture
		5.3 Execution Time Versus Precision per Gesture
		5.4 Average Number of Gestures Needed per Action
		5.5 Average User Evaluation and Preference
		5.6 T-Student Test per Action
		5.7 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Design and Evaluation of a Smart Environment with a Conversational Agent for Mindful Eating
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Conversational Agent for a Tea Experience (CATE)
		3.1 Conversational Flow
	4 Experimental Design
		4.1 Hypotheses and Variables
		4.2 Participants
		4.3 Procedure
		4.4 Data Analysis
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 H1: Hedonic Experience
		5.2 H2: Mindfulness
		5.3 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment of Video Games Using Biofeedback
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Dynamic Adjustment Algorithm
		3.1 Defining Dynamic Limits
		3.2 Implementing the Dynamic Adjustment
	4 User Study
		4.1 Methodology
		4.2 Results
		4.3 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Opportunistic Sensing of Behavioural Data to Prioritise Smartphone Notifications in the Wild
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Designing a Game for Haptic Interfaces to Uncover Gestural Pattern in Children
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Feel and Touch Activities
		3.2 Data Collection of Feel and Touch per Haptic Interface
	4 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Face-Tracking Method for Estimating Cadence on Treadmills
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Proposed Method
		2.1 Step Detection
		2.2 Cadence Estimation
	3 Tests and Experiments
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Security, Privacy and Trust for AmI
Analysis of SNOW-V Software Implementation
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Art
	3 SNOW-V Description
	4 Implementation and Evaluation
	5 Analysis of Different Techniques for Implementing the LFSR
		5.1 Analysis of the Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Study and Implementation of an Interactive Simulation of Quantum Key Distribution Using the E91 Cryptographic Protocol
	1 Introduction
	2 Implementation of the E91 Protocol
		2.1 Theoretical Basis
		2.2 Eavesdropping Case
	3 Analysis of Results
		3.1 Simple Execution
		3.2 Experimental Mode
	4 Conclusions
	References
Detection of Anomalies in the Call Flow of an Emergency Management Center
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Research Objectives and Phases
	4 Dataset Construction and Implementation of Models
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Smart-Lock Attack Through Bluetooth Communications Replication
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nuki Smart-Lock
	2 Hardware and Software for the Bluetooth Attack
	3 Bluetooth Replication Attack for the Smart-Lock
		3.1 Nuki Lock Bluetooth Attack
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Vulnerabilities of the SMS Retriever API for the Automatic Verification of SMS OTP Codes in the Banking Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 The Use of APIs for Managing SMS OTP Codes in Spain’s Banking Sector Apps
		2.1 Exchange of SMS OTPs in Android Devices
		2.2 The Apps of Spain’s Banking Sector
	3 Study of the Vulnerabilities in the APIs for the Automatic Verification of SMS OTPs
		3.1 Methodology
		3.2 Static Analysis
	4 Results Obtained
	5 Conclusions
	Appendix A. Evidence of the Use of the APIs for OTP Code Verification in the Banking Sector
	Appendix B. Evidence of Hash Generation in the Apps
	References
Phonendo: A Platform for Publishing Wearable Data on DLT
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 IoT
		2.2 DLT
		2.3 Related Works
	3 Scenario Applicability Study
		3.1 Impact of a DLTI on Data Storing
		3.2 Adapting to a Wearable Scenario
		3.3 Potential Applications and Limitations of Solutions
	4 Phonendo Platform
		4.1 Architecture
		4.2 Services
		4.3 Data Flow
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Continuous Authentication on a Smartwatch
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Our Solution
		3.1 Application
		3.2 Motion Pattern
	4 Experiments
	5 Conclusions
	References
Interception of BLE Communications in Wearables: An Application Case
	1 Introduction
	2 Technology Foundations
		2.1 Hardware
		2.2 Software
		2.3 Connectivity
	3 Related Work
	4 Problem Statement and Objectives
	5 Developed Work
		5.1 The Attack
		5.2 Environment
		5.3 Results
		5.4 Attack Prevention
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
BLE Beacon System for Smartphone Secure Tracking
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 System Overview
		3.1 BLE Beacon Technology
	4 System Architecture
		4.1 Android Application
		4.2 Web Application
		4.3 Backend
		4.4 Security
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Cybersecurity, Network Analysis and Monitoring for the Next Generation Internet
A Hybrid Approach to Ephemeral PKI Credentials Validation and Auditing
	1 Introduction
	2 Certificate Pinning: An Opportunity for IoT Credentials
	3 DANEAudits Design
		3.1 Requirements
		3.2 Entities
		3.3 Verifiable Structure
		3.4 Trust Anchors
		3.5 Node Information and Permissioned Access
	4 Operation and Implementation Details
		4.1 Operation
		4.2 Implementation Notes
	5 Conclusions
	References
Android Malware Detection Through a Pre-trained Model for Code Understanding
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and State-of-the-art
	3 Using Embeddings to Identify Malicious Behaviors
	4 Experiments
	5 Conclusions
	References
Real-Time Network Auditing System Based on Low-Cost IoT Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Technology Foundations
	3 Related Work
	4 Developed Work
	5 Results
		5.1 Web Application
		5.2 Analysis Devices: Agents
		5.3 Empirical Evaluation: Real Networks
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Generation and Classification of Illicit Bitcoin Transactions
	1 Introduction and Background
		1.1 Dealing with Scarcity of Labelled Data
		1.2 Elliptic Data Set
	2 Balancing the Data Set
		2.1 Natural Generation of Data
		2.2 Synthetic Generation of Data
	3 Classification of Illicit Transactions
		3.1 Machine Learning for Classification
		3.2 Deep Learning for Classification
	4 Experiments
		4.1 Results
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Cloud vs Serverless Computing: A Security Point of View
	1 Introduction
	2 Serverless Computing
	3 Cloud vs Serverless Security
		3.1 Common Issues
		3.2 Serverless Benefits
		3.3 Serverless Drawbacks
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Following Negationists on Twitter and Telegram: Application of NCD to the Analysis of Multiplatform Misinformation Dynamics
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Source Methodology and Features
	3 Group Identification by Using Information Compression Distances
	4 Searching for COVID-19 Negationisn in Telegram
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Author Index