Principles of Polymer Processing

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
ISBN 0471387703......Page 6
Series Preface......Page 7
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 9
Preface to the First Edition......Page 11
Contents......Page 15
1.1 Historical Notes......Page 19
1.2 Current Polymer Processing Practice......Page 25
1.3 Analysis of Polymer Processing in Terms of Elementary Steps and Shaping Methods......Page 32
1.4 Future Perspectives: From Polymer Processing to Macromolecular Engineering......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 43
2.3 Reynolds Transport Theorem......Page 44
2.4 The Macroscopic Mass Balance and the Equation of Continuity......Page 46
2.5 The Macroscopic Linear Momentum Balance and the Equation of Motion......Page 50
2.6 The Stress Tensor......Page 55
2.7 The Rate of Strain Tensor......Page 58
2.8 Newtonian Fluids......Page 61
2.9 The Macroscopic Energy Balance and the Bernoulli and Thermal Energy Equations......Page 72
2.11 Mathematical Modeling, Common Boundary Conditions, Common Simplifying Assumptions, and the Lubrication Approximation......Page 78
3 Polymer Rheology and Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics......Page 97
3.1 Rheological Behavior, Rheometry, and Rheological Material Functions of Polymer Melts......Page 98
3.2 Experimental Determination of the Viscosity and Normal Stress Difference Coefficients......Page 112
3.3 Polymer Melt Constitutive Equations Based on Continuum Mechanics......Page 118
3.4 Polymer Melt Constitutive Equations Based on Molecular Theories......Page 140
4 The Handling and Transporting of Polymer Particulate Solids......Page 162
4.1 Some Unique Properties of Particulate Solids......Page 163
4.3 Pressure Distribution in Bins and Hoppers......Page 168
4.4 Flow and Flow Instabilities in Hoppers......Page 170
4.5 Compaction......Page 172
4.7 Mechanical Displacement Flow......Page 175
4.8 Steady Mechanical Displacement Flow Aided by Drag......Page 177
4.9 Steady Drag-induced Flow in Straight Channels......Page 180
4.10 The Discrete Element Method......Page 183
5 Melting......Page 196
5.1 Classification and Discussion of Melting Mechanisms......Page 197
5.2 Geometry, Boundary Conditions, and Physical Properties in Melting......Page 202
5.3 Conduction Melting without Melt Removal......Page 204
5.4 Moving Heat Sources......Page 211
5.5 Sintering......Page 217
5.6 Conduction Melting with Forced Melt Removal......Page 219
5.7 Drag-induced Melt Removal......Page 220
5.8 Pressure-induced Melt Removal......Page 234
5.9 Deformation Melting......Page 237
6 Pressurization and Pumping......Page 253
6.1 Classification of Pressurization Methods......Page 254
6.2 Synthesis of Pumping Machines from Basic Principles......Page 255
6.3 The Single Screw Extruder Pump......Page 265
6.4 Knife and Roll Coating, Calenders, and Roll Mills......Page 277
6.5 The Normal Stress Pump......Page 290
6.6 The Co-rotating Disk Pump......Page 296
6.7 Positive Displacement Pumps......Page 303
6.8 Twin Screw Extruder Pumps......Page 316
7.1 Basic Concepts and Mixing Mechanisms......Page 340
7.2 Mixing Equipment and Operations of Multicomponent and Multiphase Systems......Page 372
7.3 Distribution Functions......Page 375
7.4 Characterization of Mixtures......Page 396
7.5 Computational Analysis......Page 409
8.1 Introduction......Page 427
8.2 Devolatilization Equipment......Page 429
8.3 Devolatilization Mechanisms......Page 431
8.4 Thermodynamic Considerations of Devolatilization......Page 434
8.5 Diffusivity of Low Molecular Weight Components in Molten Polymers......Page 438
8.6 Boiling Phenomena: Nucleation......Page 440
8.7 Boiling–Foaming Mechanisms of Polymeric Melts......Page 442
8.8 Ultrasound-enhanced Devolatilization......Page 445
8.9 Bubble Growth......Page 446
8.10 Bubble Dynamics and Mass Transfer in Shear Flow......Page 448
8.11 Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of Polymer Melt Devolatilization......Page 451
9.1 Modeling of Processing Machines Using Elementary Steps......Page 465
9.2 The Single Screw Melt Extrusion Process......Page 466
9.3 The Single Screw Plasticating Extrusion Process......Page 491
9.4 The Co-rotating Disk Plasticating Processor......Page 524
10 Twin Screw and Twin Rotor Processing Equipment......Page 541
10.1 Types of Twin Screw and Twin Rotor–based Machines......Page 543
10.2 Counterrotating Twin Screw and Twin Rotor Machines......Page 551
10.3 Co-rotating, Fully Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruders......Page 590
11 Reactive Polymer Processing and Compounding......Page 621
11.1 Classes of Polymer Chain Modification Reactions, Carried out in Reactive Polymer Processing Equipment......Page 622
11.2 Reactor Classification......Page 629
11.3 Mixing Considerations in Multicomponent Miscible Reactive Polymer Processing Systems......Page 641
11.4 Reactive Processing of Multicomponent Immiscible and Compatibilized Immiscible Polymer Systems......Page 650
11.5 Polymer Compounding......Page 653
12 Die Forming......Page 695
12.1 Capillary Flow......Page 698
12.2 Elastic Effects in Capillary Flows......Page 707
12.3 Sheet Forming and Film Casting......Page 723
12.4 Tube, Blown Film, and Parison Forming......Page 738
12.5 Wire Coating......Page 745
12.6 Profile Extrusion......Page 749
13.1 Injection Molding......Page 771
13.2 Reactive Injection Molding......Page 816
13.3 Compression Molding......Page 829
14.1 Fiber Spinning......Page 842
14.2 Film Blowing......Page 854
14.3 Blow Molding......Page 859
15.1 The Calendering Process......Page 883
15.2 Mathematical Modeling of Calendering......Page 885
15.3 Analysis of Calendering Using FEM......Page 891
Appendix A Rheological and Thermophysical Properties of Polymers......Page 905
Appendix B Conversion Tables to the International System of Units (SI)......Page 932
Appendix C Notation......Page 936
Author Index......Page 947
Subject Index......Page 962
Raw material - Finished product......Page 981
Back Page......Page 982