Principles Of Microbiology

Cover
Half Title
About the Authors
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Walkthrough
1. History and Scope of Microbiology
	1.1 Discovery of Microorganisms
	1.2 The Spontaneous Generation Controversy
	1.3 The Germ Theory of Disease
	1.4 Establishing Control of Microbial Infections
	1.5 Microbial Effects on Organic and Inorganic Matter
	1.6 Diversity of Microorganisms and Their Place in the Living World
	1.7 Development of Microbiology and Its Future
	1.8 Microbiology in India
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
2. Microscopy and Staining
	2.1 History and Principles of Microscopy
	2.2 Bright-Field Microscopy
	2.3 Fixing and Staining of Microbes for Light Microscopy
	2.4 Micrometry
	2.5 Dark-Field Microscopy
	2.6 Fluorescence Microscopy
	2.7 Confocal Microscopy
	2.8 Phase-Contrast Microscopy
	2.9 Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy
	2.10 Transmission Electron Microscopy
	2.11 Preparation of Specimens for Transmission Electron Microscopy
	2.12 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
	2.13 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
	2.14 Atomic Force Microscopy
	2.15 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
3. Growth, Culture and Maintenance of Microorganisms
	3.1 Nutritional Requirements
	3.2 Nutritional Types of Microorganisms
	3.3 Uptake of Nutrients by the Microbial Cell
	3.4 Environmental Factors Influencing Growth
	3.5 Microbial Growth and Measurement
	3.6 Culture Media and Types
	3.7 Preparation and Sterilisation of Culture Media
	3.8 Cultivation of Microbial Cells
	3.9 Techniques of Pure Culture Isolation
	3.10 Techniques of Inoculation
	3.11 Maintenance and Preservation of Stock Cultures
	3.12 Culture Collections and their Functions
	3.13 Disposal of Microbes and Biosafety
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
4. Control of Microorganisms—Sterilisation and Disinfection
	4.1 Theory and Practise of Sterilisation and Disinfection
	4.2 Conditions Influencing Antimicrobial Action
	4.3 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents
	4.4 Physical Methods of Microbial Control
	4.5 Chemical Methods of Microbial Control
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
5. The Viruses: Introduction, Characteristics and Taxonomy
	5.1 Discovery of Viruses
	5.2 Evolutionary Origin of Viruses
	5.3 Distinguishing Characteristics of Viruses
	5.4 Structure of Viruses
	5.5 Nomenclature and General Classification of Viruses
	5.6 Classification of Animal Viruses
	5.7 Classification of Plant Viruses
	5.8 Classification of Viruses Infecting Algae, Fungi and Protozoa
	5.9 Classification of Bacteriophages
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
6. The Animal Viruses
	6.1 Types of Viral Infections in the Host
	6.2 Multiplication of Animal Viruses
	6.3 Animal Viruses and Tumourigenesis
	6.4 Animal Viruses and Teratogenesis
	6.5 Detection of Animal Viruses in the Host
	6.6 Isolation, Purification and Assay
	6.7 Cultivation of Animal Viruses
	6.8 Transmission of Viral Infection
	6.9 Strategies for Preventing Viral Infection
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
7. The Plant Viruses
	7.1 Structural Characteristics of Plant Viruses
	7.2 Symptoms of Virus Infection in Plants
	7.3 Histological Changes Induced by Viruses
	7.4 Cytopathological Effects of Virus Infection
	7.5 Physiology of Virus-Infected Plants
	7.6 Translocation and Distribution of Viruses in Plants
	7.7 Methods for Cultivation of Plant Viruses
	7.8 Detection and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases
	7.9 Isolation, Purification and Quantitative Assay
	7.10 Infection and Replication
	7.11 Transmission of Plant Viruses
	7.12 Control of Plant Viruses
	7.13 Economic Importance of Viruses with Emphasis on Common Viral Diseases of Plants
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
8. The Bacteriophages, Mycophages and Other Virus-Like Infectious Agents
	8.1 Discovery and Significance of Bacteriophages
	8.2 Structural Characteristics of Bacteriophages
	8.3 Isolation, Cultivation, Storage and Enumeration of Bacteriophage Numbers
	8.4 Kinetics of Bacteriophage Multiplication
	8.5 Replication of Virulent (DNA) Bacteriophages
	8.6 Replication of Temperate (DNA) Bacteriophages
	8.7 Replication of Filamentous (DNA) Bacteriophages
	8.8 Replication of RNA Bacteriophages
	8.9 Cyanophages
	8.10 Mycophages
	8.11 Insect Viruses
	8.12 Satellite Viruses and Satellite Nucleic Acids
	8.13 Viroids
	8.14 Prions
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
9. The Prokaryotes: Cell Structure, Function and Reproduction
	9.1 The Evolution of Prokaryotic Organisms
	9.2 General Features of Prokaryotic Cell
	9.3 Variations in Bacterial Size, Shape and Arrangement
	9.4 Structures External to the Bacterial Cell Wall
	9.5 The Bacterial Cell Wall
	9.6 The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
	9.7 Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Inclusions
	9.8 Bacterial Spores and Cysts
	9.9 Reproduction in Prokaryotes
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
10. The Prokaryotes: Diversity and Taxonomy
	10.1 Taxonomic Ranks of Prokaryotes
	10.2 Code of Nomenclature
	10.3 Characteristics Used in Classification and Identification
	10.4 Use of Numerical Taxonomy in the Classification of Prokaryotes
	10.5 Classification Schemes of Prokaryotes
	10.6 Diversity and Biological Importance of Archaea (Archaeobacteria)
	10.7 Diversity and Biological Importance of Bacteria (Eubacteria)
	10.8 Prokaryotic Culture Collections
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
11. The Eukaryotes: Cell Structure and Diversity
	11.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
	11.2 Evolution of Eukaryotic Organisms
	11.3 The Fungi
	11.4 The Fungus-Like Organisms
	11.5 The Algae
	11.6 The Lichens
	11.7 The Protozoa
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
12. Microbial Interactions
	12.1 Functions of Symbiotic Relationships
	12.2 Establishment of Symbiosis
	12.3 Types of Symbiosis
	12.4 Commensalism
	12.5 Synergism
	12.6 Mutualism
	12.7 Parasitism
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
13. Microbial Metabolism
	13.1 An Overview of Metabolism
	13.2 Major Biological Molecules
	13.3 Enzymes in Metabolism
	13.4 Principles of Bioenergetics
	13.5 Energy Production
	13.6 Catabolism of Carbohydrates
	13.7 Catabolism of Intracellular Reserve Polymers
	13.8 Catabolism of Lipids
	13.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids
	13.10 Oxidation of Inorganic Molecules
	13.11 Energy Production by Photosynthesis
	13.12 Utilisation of Energy
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
14. Microbial Genetics
	14.1 Nature of Hereditary Information
	14.2 DNA Replication
	14.3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
	14.4 Extrachromosomal DNA (Plasmids)
	14.5 Transposable Genetic Elements
	14.6 Mutations
	14.7 Genetic Transfer and Recombination
	14.8 Recombinant DNA Technology
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
15. Viral Diseases of Humans
	15.1 Air-Borne Viral Diseases
	15.2 Food- and Water-Borne Viral Diseases
	15.3 Vector-Transmitted Viral Diseases
	15.4 Sexually Transmitted Viral Diseases
	15.5 Direct Contact Viral Diseases
	15.6 Emerging and Resurgent Viral Diseases
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
16. Bacterial Diseases of Humans
	16.1 Air-Borne Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract
	16.2 Air-Borne Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract
	16.3 Food- and Water-Borne Bacterial Intoxications
	16.4 Food- and Water-Borne Bacterial Diseases
	16.5 Soil-Borne Bacterial Diseases
	16.6 Arthropod-Transmitted Diseases
	16.7 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
	16.8 Direct Contact Diseases
	16.9 Nosocomial Infections
	16.10 Emerging Bacterial Diseases
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
17. Fungal Diseases of Humans
	17.1 Superficial Mycoses
	17.2 Cutaneous Mycoses
	17.3 Subcutaneous Mycoses
	17.4 Systemic Mycoses
	17.5 Opportunistic Mycoses
	17.6 Fungal Toxicoses
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
18. Protozoan Diseases of Humans
	18.1 Protozoan Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	18.2 Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	18.3 Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System
	18.4 Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive System
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
19. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
	19.1 Historical Development of Chemotherapy
	19.2 Characteristics of Anti-Microbial Drugs
	19.3 Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
	19.4 Anti-Bacterial Drugs
	19.5 Anti-Fungal Drugs
	19.6 Anti-Viral Drugs
	19.7 Anti-Protozoan Drugs
	19.8 Anti-Helminthic Drugs
	19.9 Microbial Resistance to Drugs
	19.10 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
	19.11 Microbial Susceptibility to Chemotherapeutic Drugs
	19.12 Future of Anti-Microbial Agents
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
20. Resistance and the Immune System
	20.1 The Innate Resistance (Non-Specific Defences)
	20.2 The Acquired Resistance (Specific Defence Immunity)
	20.3 Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
	20.4 General Characteristics of Immune Responses
	20.5 Antibody-Mediated Immunity
	20.6 Cell-Mediated Immunity
	20.7 Vaccination
	20.8 Serological Reactions and Serodiagnosis
	20.9 Hypersensitivity Reactions
	20.10 Autoimmune Disorders
	20.11 Immune Deficiencies
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
21. Environmental Microbiology
	21.1 Microorganisms in Natural Environments
	21.2 Microbiology of Terrestrial Environment
	21.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
	21.4 Microbiology of Freshwater Environments
	21.5 Microbiology of Marine Environments
	21.6 Microbiology of Extreme Environments
	21.7 Surfaces and Biofilms
	21.8 Aeromicrobiology
	21.9 Microbial Bioremediation of Polluted Environments
	21.10 Composting of Biodegradable Organic Matter
	21.11 Bioleaching
	21.12 Indicator Microorganisms in Polluted Waters
	21.13 Purification and Testing of Drinking Water
	21.14 Domestic Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
22. Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
	22.1 Fermentation Technology
	22.2 Microbial Sources of Traditional Fermented Beverages
	22.3 Fermented Food Products
	22.4 Commercial Production of Baker’s Yeast
	22.5 Fermented Dairy Products
	22.6 Microbial Health Foods
	22.7 Microbial Sources of Animal Feeds
	22.8 Microbial Production of Pharmaceuticals
	22.9 Microbial Production of Amino Acids and Other Organic Acids
	22.10 Microbial Production of Enzymes
	22.11 Microbial Production of Solvents
	22.12 Microbial Production of Fuels
	22.13 Biopesticides
	22.14 Biopolymers
	22.15 Biosurfactants
	22.16 Biosensors and Biochips
	22.17 Products Derived from Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
	Questions for Thought and Review
	Recommended Literature for Further Reading
	Web References
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Glossory of Important Microbiological Terms
Index