Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine, Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine, Second Edition......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
To Isobel and Marvin Slomowitz......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
By Marek Glezerman, MD......Page 11
Preface......Page 15
Gender and Normal Development......Page 17
Introduction......Page 18
The sex ratio during fetal life......Page 19
Sex differences in fetal and neonatal growth......Page 21
Excess male mortality......Page 22
The effect of gender on the incidence and severity of diseases in infancy and childhood......Page 23
Summary......Page 28
References......Page 29
Sexual development......Page 34
Growth......Page 38
Puberty......Page 41
References......Page 47
Prenatal lung growth......Page 51
Postnatal lung growth......Page 53
Lung disorders of childhood......Page 54
References......Page 62
Normal hematopoiesis......Page 67
Sickle cell disease......Page 68
Childhood cancer......Page 69
References......Page 74
Introduction......Page 78
Epilepsy......Page 79
Pelizaeus–merzbacher disease (PMD)......Page 80
Further reading......Page 81
Physiology......Page 83
SpecifIc issues of gender and sport......Page 84
Conclusion......Page 87
Further Reading......Page 88
Gender and the Nervous System......Page 89
Introduction......Page 90
Sex differences in behavioral measures......Page 91
Sex differences in neuroanatomic measures......Page 94
Cerebral Blood Flow......Page 97
Implications for sex differences in functional brain organization......Page 98
References......Page 99
Introduction......Page 103
Historical overview......Page 104
Sex differences in neuroanatomy......Page 105
Cellular mechanisms establishing sex differences in brain......Page 107
Sex differences in physiology and behavior......Page 110
Suggestions for future investigations......Page 113
References......Page 114
Terminology......Page 117
Sexual differentiation of the brain......Page 119
Testing the prenatal hormonal hypothesis in humans......Page 120
Conclusions......Page 125
Questions for future research......Page 126
References......Page 127
Strategies for identifying differential disease frequencies......Page 129
Are there data regarding gender-specific frequency of neurologic diseases?......Page 131
Summary and discussion......Page 139
References......Page 140
Gender differences in prevention of stroke......Page 145
Gender differences in acute treatment of stroke......Page 147
Gender differences in mechanism of stroke......Page 148
References......Page 149
Child psychiatry......Page 152
Adult psychiatry......Page 153
Conclusion......Page 155
Laboratory studies......Page 158
Clinical trials......Page 160
Acknowledgment......Page 162
References......Page 163
Cardiovascular Disease......Page 165
References......Page 166
The vasculature......Page 167
The myofiber......Page 168
Aging and myocardial characteristics......Page 169
Congestive heart failure......Page 170
Myocardial hypertropy......Page 171
Hormones and the heart......Page 172
Electrophysiology and gender......Page 173
References......Page 174
Cigarette smoking......Page 178
Dyslipidemia......Page 179
Obesity......Page 180
Physical activity......Page 181
Type 2 diabetes......Page 182
Postmenopausal hormone therapy......Page 183
Psychosocial factors......Page 184
Conclusion......Page 185
References......Page 186
Risk factors for developing CVD associated with Dyslipidemia......Page 191
Dyslipidemia......Page 192
Hormonal effects on CVD risk......Page 195
Dyslipidemia management......Page 196
References......Page 199
Cardiovascular effects of laboratory stress......Page 202
Emotional states and cardiovascular disease......Page 204
Psychosocial risk factors in cardiovascular disease......Page 207
Psychosocial interventions with cardiac patients......Page 208
Acknowledgment......Page 209
References......Page 210
Gender and biology......Page 216
Gender and risk factors......Page 218
Gender and surgical outcomes......Page 221
Gender and recovery after cabg......Page 223
Gender and off-pump surgery......Page 224
References......Page 225
Pulmonology......Page 229
Bibliography......Page 230
Clinical and epidemiological studies......Page 231
Mechanisms......Page 233
Conclusion......Page 237
References......Page 238
Venous thromboembolism: epidemiology and risk factors......Page 241
Hormonal therapy and VTE......Page 243
Pregnancy and VTE......Page 249
References......Page 254
Normal sleep and gender differences......Page 260
Gender-specific conditions that impact sleep......Page 261
Gender differences in sleep disorders......Page 262
References......Page 264
Evolving epidemiology......Page 268
Diagnostic errors......Page 269
Management......Page 271
References......Page 273
Are lung cancers in smokers and nonsmokers different?......Page 276
Are women more susceptible to lung cancer?......Page 277
Potential mechanisms for a gender effect on lung cancer......Page 278
Do women with lung cancer have a better prognosis than men?......Page 280
References......Page 281
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension......Page 286
Scleroderma......Page 289
References......Page 290
Pathogenesis......Page 293
Rheumatoid arthritis......Page 294
Scleroderma......Page 295
References......Page 298
Benign metastasizing leiomyoma......Page 302
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis......Page 304
References......Page 305
Epidemiology of sepsis......Page 307
Experimental evidence of gender-based difference in sirs and sepsis......Page 309
Conclusion......Page 313
References......Page 314
Gastroenterology......Page 318
References......Page 319
Gynecologic complications......Page 320
Fertility and pregnancy......Page 321
Self-image......Page 328
References......Page 329
Evaluation of constipation......Page 333
Treatment of constipation......Page 335
Prevalence and etiology of fecal incontinence......Page 336
Evaluation of fecal incontinence......Page 337
Treatment of fecal incontinence......Page 338
References......Page 339
Gender aspects of gastric motility......Page 341
Gastric motility abnormalities in gastroparesis......Page 342
References......Page 344
Pregnancy and liver diseases......Page 346
Oral contraceptives and the liver......Page 351
Autoimmune liver diseases......Page 352
Liver transplantation and surgery......Page 354
References......Page 355
Reproductive Biology......Page 360
Introduction......Page 361
Epidemiology......Page 362
Pathophysiology......Page 363
Risk factors and co-morbidities......Page 365
Treatment......Page 366
Conclusion......Page 367
References......Page 368
Contraceptive methods......Page 372
Patient education......Page 378
References......Page 379
Basic evaluation......Page 381
Advanced evaluation......Page 385
Treatment......Page 390
Conclusion......Page 391
References......Page 392
Etiologies  and evaluations of infertility......Page 396
Treatment for infertility......Page 398
Conclusions......Page 411
References......Page 412
Anatomy and physiology......Page 415
Clinical practice......Page 417
Common sexual problems......Page 418
Treatment......Page 419
References......Page 421
Definition and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction......Page 423
Evaluation......Page 424
Non-surgical therapy: PDE5i, urethral suppositories, ICI, VED......Page 425
References......Page 426
Specific causes of vulvar pain......Page 429
Treatment......Page 431
Vulvar dermatoses......Page 432
References......Page 434
Lower urinary tract dysfunction: definitions, symptoms, and classification......Page 436
Conditions causing lower urinary tract symptoms in men, women, and both sexes according to symptoms......Page 438
Assessment of lower urinary tract dysfunction in men and women......Page 440
Therapy......Page 442
References......Page 445
Age-related changes in the lower urinary tract......Page 447
Urinary tract infections......Page 451
Urinary incontinence in older persons......Page 452
Conclusions......Page 459
References......Page 460
Introduction......Page 464
Physiology......Page 465
Evaluation of women......Page 466
Role of hormone therapy......Page 468
References......Page 469
Oncology......Page 471
Introduction......Page 472
Epidemiology......Page 473
Risk factors......Page 474
Clinical factors and diagnosis......Page 476
Prognostic factors......Page 478
Treatment......Page 479
Prognosis and survival......Page 482
References......Page 483
Origin of germ cells......Page 487
Gender differences in the epidemiology of germ cell tumors......Page 488
Biology and risk factors for germ cell tumors: are they gender-specific?......Page 489
Gender differences in clinical presentation of germ cell tumors......Page 490
Treatment of male and female germ cell tumors......Page 491
References......Page 493
Cancer genetics: Overview......Page 495
Breast cancer......Page 496
Endometrial and gastrointestinal cancer......Page 499
Testicular cancer......Page 501
Prostate cancer......Page 502
Cancer risk assessment, counseling, and testing......Page 503
References......Page 505
Infectious Disease......Page 509
Introduction......Page 510
Introduction......Page 511
Emerging viral infections......Page 512
Emerging bacterial infections......Page 519
Emerging prion infection......Page 524
References......Page 526
Gender differences in behavioral susceptibility......Page 530
Gender differences in biological susceptibility......Page 531
Sexually transmitted bacterial infections......Page 534
Sexually transmitted viral infections other than HIV......Page 538
Other organisms and syndromes......Page 540
References......Page 541
Mechanisms of increased susceptibility to infection in pregnancy......Page 545
Infections for which pregnancy alters maternal susceptibility or course......Page 550
Infections in which fetal transmission or other fetal morbidity is the primary concern......Page 558
Emerging infections......Page 568
Issues regarding antibiotic management in pregnancy......Page 570
References......Page 571
Human papillomavirus G......Page 577
Zoster immunization......Page 579
Influenza vaccine......Page 580
Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV)......Page 582
Hepatitis A vaccine......Page 583
Pneumococcal vaccine......Page 584
Tetanus/diptheria/pertussis......Page 586
Meningococcal vaccine......Page 587
Immunization issues for pregnant women......Page 588
References......Page 590
Immunology......Page 597
Specific remarks in autoimmunity......Page 599
Specific autoimmune diseases with gender differences......Page 602
References......Page 603
Involvement of sex hormones and cytokines in autoimmune rheumatic diseases......Page 606
Peripheral sex hormone metabolism in autoimmune diseases......Page 607
Conclusions......Page 608
References......Page 609
Prolactin......Page 611
Prolactin and human autoimmune disease......Page 613
Prolactin-lowering therapy for autoimmune diseases......Page 619
References......Page 622
An overview of sex hormones and the immune system......Page 629
Normal estrogen and androgen metabolism......Page 631
Use of hormones to alter disease states......Page 634
Sex hormones, behavior, and autoimmune diseases......Page 635
References......Page 636
Immune function in the connective tissue diseases and pregnancy......Page 641
Systemic lupus erythematosus......Page 642
Rheumatoid arthritis......Page 646
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies......Page 648
Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis)......Page 649
Pharmacologic treatment of rheumatic disease and reproduction......Page 650
References......Page 653
Oral contraceptives......Page 659
Rheumatoid arthritis......Page 660
Systemic lupus erythematosus......Page 661
Sjögren’s syndrome......Page 663
Scleroderma......Page 664
Vasculitis......Page 665
Summary and conclusions......Page 666
References......Page 667
Organ failure......Page 671
Organ donation......Page 674
Transplantation......Page 675
Outcome post-transplantation......Page 676
General considerations......Page 681
Conclusions......Page 682
References......Page 683
Endocrinology......Page 690
Introduction......Page 691
Gender differences in the association between endogenous testosterone and risk factors for type 2 diabetes......Page 692
Pathophysiology of endogenous sex hormones as risk factors for type 2 diabetes......Page 701
SHGB......Page 703
References......Page 704
Autoimmune thyroiditis......Page 707
References......Page 718
Male sexual health......Page 720
Female sexual health......Page 723
References......Page 727
Epidemiology of osteoporosis......Page 729
Skeletal development......Page 730
Risk factors for osteoporosis......Page 732
Diagnosis, screening, and risk factor assessment......Page 733
Treatment......Page 736
Conclusion......Page 743
References......Page 744
Androgen physiology......Page 750
Etiology and prevalence of hypogonadism in men......Page 751
Androgen production in women......Page 761
References......Page 767
A......Page 774
C......Page 775
D......Page 776
F......Page 777
H......Page 778
I......Page 779
L......Page 780
O......Page 781
P......Page 782
S......Page 784
T......Page 785
V......Page 786
Z......Page 787