Practical Pulmonary Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition Series

Cover
Pattern Recognition Series
Practical Pulmonary Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Series Preface
Preface
Pattern-Based Approach to Diagnosis
	Pattern 1 Acute Lung Injury
	Pattern 2 Fibrosis
	Pattern 3 Chronic Cellular Infiltrates
	Pattern 4 Alveolar Filling
	Pattern 5 Nodules
	Pattern 6 Nearly Normal Lung
1 Lung Anatomy
	Development and Gross Anatomy
		Airway Development
		Pleura
		Lung Lobes
	Microscopic Anatomy
		Conducting Airways
			Trachea
			Bronchi
			Bronchioles
			Airway Mucosal Neuroendocrine Cells
			Airway-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
			Epithelial Basement Membrane
			Smooth Muscle of the Airways
		Acinus
			Alveoli
			Alveolar Walls
			Alveolar Macrophages
	Pulmonary Arteries
	Pulmonary Veins
	Bronchial Arteries
	Pulmonary Lymphatics
	Other Pulmonary Lymphoid Tissue
		Lymphoid Aggregates
		Dendritic Cells
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
2 Pulmonary Function Testing for Pathologists
	Lung Volumes
	Tools to Measure Volumes
	Interpretation of Lung Volumes
	Flows
	Airway Resistance
		Respiratory Muscle Strength
		Diffusion Capacity
	Summary
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		Discussion
	Case 2
		Discussion
	Case 3
		Discussion
	Case 4
		Discussion
	Case 5
		Discussion
3 Optimal Processing of Diagnostic Lung Specimens
	Specimens Obtained Through the Flexible Bronchoscope
		Endobronchial Biopsy
		Transbronchial Biopsy
		Cryobiopsy
		Bronchial Brushings
		Bronchial Washings and Bronchoalveolar Lavage
		Transbronchial Fine-Needle Aspiration
		Endobronchial Ultrasound–Guided Biopsy
		Rigid Bronchoscopy
	Specimens Obtained by Transthoracic Needle Biopsy and Aspiration
		Thoracentesis
		Closed Pleural Biopsy
		Transthoracic Fine-Needle Core Aspiration and Biopsy of the Lung
	Specimens Obtained by Thoracoscopy
		Specimen Processing
	Conclusion
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		Transbronchial biopsy with sponge artifact (eSlide 3.1)
	Case 2
		Cryobiopsy with diagnosable interstitial lung disease (eSlide 3.2)
	Case 3
		Endobronchial ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration with adenocarcinoma (eSlide 3.3)
	Case 4
		Needle biopsy with mucinous adenocarcinoma (eSlide 3.4)
	Case 5
		Poorly processed video-assisted thoracic surgery biopsy with crush and atelectasis (eSlide 3.5)
4 Computed Tomography of Diffuse Lung Diseases and Solitary Pulmonary Nodules
	Foundations
		Living With X-Rays and Working With Computed Tomography
			X-Rays and Computed Tomography
			Computed Tomography, Spiral Computed Tomography, and High-Resolution Computed Tomography
			Terminology
		Lung Anatomy
			Arteries, Veins, and Bronchi
			Secondary Lobule
		Special Techniques
			Increasing Visibility
				Multiplanar Reformation.
				Curved Multiplanar Reformation.
			Increasing Ambience
				Maximum Intensity Projection.
				Minimum Intensity Projection.
				Volume Rendering.
			Prone and Expiratory Computed Tomography
	Diffuse Lung Diseases
		Elementary Lesions
		Patterns
	Septal Pattern
		Definition
		High-Resolution Computed Tomography Signs
		Subsets
			Subset Smooth
				Interstitial Hydrostatic Pulmonary Edema.
				Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis.
				Venoocclusive Disease.
				Erdheim-Chester Disease.
			Subset Nodular
				Diffuse Interstitial Amyloidosis.
	Fibrotic Pattern
		Definition
		High-Resolution Computed Tomography Signs
		Subsets
			Subset Usual Interstitial Pneumonia
				Asbestosis.
				Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.
				Idiopathic Usual Interstitial Pneumonia–Clinical Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
			Subset Fibrotic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
				Idiopathic Fibrotic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia.
			Subset Tug-of-War
				Sarcoidosis, Chronic.
				Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis.
			Subset Bronchocentric Fibrosis
				Airway-Centered Interstitial Fibrosis.
	Nodular Pattern
		Definition
		High-Resolution Computed Tomography Signs
		Subsets
			Subset Centrilobular
				Follicular Bronchiolitis.
				Subacute Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.
				Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Interstitial Lung Disease.
			Subset Lymphatic
				Sarcoidosis.
				Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia.
				Silicosis and Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis.
			Subset Random
				Hematogenous Metastases.
				Miliary Tuberculosis.
	Alveolar Pattern
		Definition
		High-Resolution Computed Tomography Signs
		Subsets
			Subset Acute
				Acute Interstitial Pneumonia/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
				Acceleration (Acute Exacerbation) of Fibrosing Diseases.
				Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage.
				Hydrostatic Pulmonary Edema.
				Infectious Diseases.
			Subset Chronic
				Adenocarcinoma.
				Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia.
				Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia.
				Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases.
				Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma.
				Cellular Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia.
				Organizing Pneumonia.
				Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.
	Cystic Pattern
		Definition
		High-Resolution Computed Tomography Signs
			Centrilobular Emphysema
			Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
			Laryngotracheobronchial Papillomatosis
			Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
			Cystic Metastases
			Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome
	Dark Lung Pattern
		Definition
		High-Resolution Computed Tomography Signs
			Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism
			Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
			Constrictive Bronchiolitis
			Panlobular Emphysema
			Swyer-James (MacLeod Syndrome)
	Imaging of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
		Rationale for the Diagnostic Approach
		Static Elements
			Risk Factors
			Morphologic Aspects
			Computed Tomography Densitometry
			Cavitation and Air Bronchogram
		Dynamic Elements
			Doubling Time
			Computed Tomography Contrast Enhancement
			Positron Emission Tomography Metabolism
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		As a Distorted Fine Net
			Short History
			High-Resolution Computed Tomography (eSlide 4.1A,B,C)
			Histologic Examination (eSlide 4.1D,E)
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
				Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
				Collagen Vascular Diseases (CVDs) and Fibrosing Drug Toxicity.
				Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP), Chronic.
				Asbestosis.
		References
	Case 2
		A Strange “Galaxy”
			Short History
			High-Resolution Computed Tomography (eSlide 4.2A,B,C)
			Histologic Examination (eSlide 4.2D,E)
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
				Sarcoidosis Versus Tuberculosis (TB).
				Mimicker.
		References
	Case 3
		Bubble-like Lucencies
			Short History
			High-Resolution Computed Tomography (eSlide 4.3A,B,C)
			Histologic Examination (eSlide 4.3D,E)
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
				Infectious Diseases (e.g., Tuberculosis [TB]).
				Pulmonary Infarct.
				Organizing Pneumonia (OP).
				Adenocarcinoma.
		References
	Case 4
		A Lacy Feature
			Short History
			High-Resolution Computed Tomography (eSlide 4.4A,B,C)
			Pathology (eSlide 4.4D,E)
				Surgical Biopsy.
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
				Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).
				Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH), End-Stage.
				Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP).
				Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) Disease.
		References
	Case 5
		Black and White With Air Trapping
			Short History
			High-Resolution Computed Tomography (eSlide 4.5A,B,C)
			Histologic Examination (eSlide 4.5D,E,F)
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
				Constrictive Bronchiolitis (CB).
				Swyer-James Syndrome (SJS).
				Diffuse Interstitial Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (DIPNECH).
		References
5 Developmental and Pediatric Lung Disease
	Processing of Pediatric Lung Biopsy Specimens
	Processing of Pediatric Cystic Lung Lesion Specimens
	Cysts and Masses
		Bronchogenic Cysts
		Bronchial Atresia
		Pulmonary Sequestration
			Extralobar Sequestration
			Intralobar Sequestration
		Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations
		Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
		Peripheral Cysts Secondary to Lung Maldevelopment
	Pulmonary Hyperlucency
		Congenital Lobar Overinflation
		Polyalveolar Lobe
	Disorders of Lung Development
		Acinar Dysplasia
		Congenital Alveolar Dysplasia
		Pulmonary Hypoplasia
		Pulmonary Hyperplasia
	Vascular Disorders
		Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia With Misalignment of Pulmonary Veins
		Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasis
		Diffuse Pulmonary Lymphangiomatosis
		Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations
	Complications of Prematurity
		Hyaline Membrane Disease
		Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
	Pediatric Interstitial Lung Disease
		Alveolar Growth Abnormalities
		Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis (Infantile Cellular Interstitial Pneumonitis)
		Genetic Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism
			Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
			Chronic Pneumonitis of Infancy
			Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
		Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
		Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia and Follicular Bronchiolitis
		Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis)
		Eosinophilic Pneumonia
		Aspiration Injury
		Obliterative Bronchiolitis
		Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy (Persistent Tachypnea of Infancy)
		Storage Disorders
		Vascular Disease as a Cause of Interstitial Lung Disease
		Hemorrhage Syndromes in Children
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 5.1
			Clinical History
			Virtual Slide Microscopic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 2
		eSlide 5.2
			Clinical History
			Virtual Slide Microscopic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 3
		eSlide 5.3
			Clinical History
			Virtual Slide Microscopic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 4
		eSlide 5.4
			Clinical History
			Virtual Slide Microscopic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 5
		eSlide 5.5
			Clinical History
			Virtual Slide Microscopic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
6 Acute Lung Injury
	Diffuse Alveolar Damage: The Morphologic Prototype of Acute Lung Injury
	Specific Causes of Acute Lung Injury
		Infection
			Viral Infection
			Fungal Infection
			Bacterial Infection
		Connective Tissue Disease
			Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
		Drug Effect
			Chemotherapeutic Agents
			Amiodarone
			Antiinflammatory Drugs
		Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
		Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
		Immunologically Mediated Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Vasculitis
		Radiation Pneumonitis
		Disease Presenting as Classic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
			Oxygen Toxicity and Inhalants
			Shock and Trauma
			Ingested Toxins
	Pathologist Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Lung Injury
	Clinicopathologic Correlation
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		Diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membranes (eSlide 6.1)
	Case 2
		Acute and fibrinous organizing pneumonia (eSlide 6.2)
	Case 3
		Acute lupus pneumonitis (eSlide 6.3)
	Case 4
		Amiodarone-induced diffuse alveolar damage (eSlide 6.4)
	Case 5
		Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (eSlide 6.5)
7 Lung Infections
	Diagnostic Tools and Strategies
		Knowledge of the Clinical Setting
		Pattern Recognition
		Useful Tissue Stains in Lung Infection
		Immunologic and Molecular Techniques
		Limiting Factors in Diagnosis
		Role of Cytopathologic Examination in Diagnosis of Lung Infection
		Summary
	Bacterial Pneumonias
		Etiologic Agents
		Histopathology
			Acute Exudative Pneumonia
			Nodular/Necrotizing Lesions
			Miliary Lesions
			Aspiration Pneumonia and Lung Abscess
			Chronic Bacterial Pneumonias
		Bacterial Agents of Bioterrorism
			Bacillus anthracis
			Yersinia pestis
			Francisella tularensis
		Cytopathology
		Microbiology
		Differential Diagnosis
	Mycobacterial Infections
		Etiologic Agents
			Mycobacterium tuberculosis
			Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
		Histopathology
			Primary Tuberculosis
			Postprimary Tuberculosis
			Tuberculous Pleurisy
			Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
		Cytopathology
		Microbiology
	Fungal Pneumonias
		Etiologic Agents
		Histopathology
			Blastomycosis
			Coccidioidomycosis
			Histoplasmosis
			Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)
			Sporotrichosis
			Penicilliosis
			Cryptococcosis
			Candidiasis
			Aspergillosis
			Zygomycosis
			Phaeohyphomycosis
			Pneumocystosis
		Cytopathology
			Cytology of Common Yeast Forms
			Cytology of Common Mycelial Forms
		Microbiology
		Differential Diagnosis
	Viral Pneumonia
		Etiologic Agents
		Histopathology
			Influenza Virus
			Parainfluenza Virus
			Respiratory Syncytial Virus
			Human Metapneumovirus
			Measles Virus
			Hantavirus
			Coronaviruses
			Adenovirus
			Herpes Simplex Viruses
			Varicella-Zoster Virus
			Cytomegalovirus
			Epstein–Barr Virus
		Cytopathology
		Microbiology
		Differential Diagnosis
	Parasitic Infections
		Etiologic Agents
		Histopathology
			Toxoplasmosis
			Amebiasis
			Cryptosporidiosis
			Microsporidiosis
			Leishmaniasis
			Dirofilariasis
			Strongyloidiasis
			Echinococcosis
			Paragonimiasis
			Schistosomiasis
			Visceral Larva Migrans
		Cytopathology
		Microbiology
		Differential Diagnosis
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		History
		Pathologic Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case 2
		History
		Pathologic Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case 3
		History
		Pathologic Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case 4
		History
		Pathologic Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case 5
		History
		Pathologic Findings
		Diagnosis
8 Chronic Diffuse Lung Diseases
	Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
		Usual Interstitial Pneumonia
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Acute Exacerbation
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
			Essential Requirements for Accurate Diagnosis
		Familial Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
		Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Treatment and Prognosis
			Differential Diagnosis
		Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
	Chronic Manifestations of Systemic Collagen Vascular Disease
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Clinical Course
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Clinical Course
		Polymyositis-Dermatomyositis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
		Sjögren Syndrome
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
		Interstitial Pneumonia With Autoimmune Features
	Diffuse Eosinophilic Lung Disease (Pulmonary Eosinophilia)
		Clinical Features
		Radiologic Findings
		Histopathologic Findings
		Differential Diagnosis
		Clinical Course
	Drug-Associated Diffuse Lung Disease
		General Histopathologic Findings
		General Treatment and Prognosis
		Specific Drugs Associated With Interstitial Lung Disease
			Methotrexate
			Amiodarone
			BCNU
			Busulfan
			Bleomycin
		Targeted Molecular Therapies
		Illicit Drug Abuse
			Histopathologic Findings
	Diffuse Lung Diseases With Granulomas
		Sarcoidosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Chronic Berylliosis
		Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis)
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Clinical Course
			Differential Diagnosis
	Miscellaneous Diffuse Lung Diseases
		Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
				Proliferative (Cellular) Phase.
				Fibrotic Lesions.
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Erdheim-Chester Disease
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Features
			Histopathologic Features
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Clinical Course
		Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Diffuse Pulmonary Meningotheliomatosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiographic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		Common Variable Immunodeficiency-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiographic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
		IgG4-Related Interstitial Lung Disease
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiographic Findings
			Histopathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
			Clinical Course
	Practical Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Lung Diseases
		Biopsies With Established Fibrosis
		Biopsies With Granulomas
		Biopsies With Organizing Pneumonia
		Biopsies With Diffuse Cellular Interstitial Infiltrates
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		A 71-Year-Old Man With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 2
		A 61-Year-Old Man With Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 3
		A 62-Year-Old Woman With Collagen Vascular Disease–Related Interstitial Lung Disease
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 4
		A 63-Year-Old Man With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 5
		A 20-Year-Old Man With Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
9 Nonneoplastic Pathology of the Large and Small Airways
	Large Airways: Trachea and Bronchi
		Trachea
			Tracheobronchial Amyloidosis
			Tracheobronchomalacia
			Tracheobronchomegaly
			Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica
		Bronchi
			Bronchitis
			Bronchiectasis
			Middle Lobe Syndrome
	Small Airways
		Inflammatory Bronchiolitis
			Acute Bronchiolitis
			Acute and Chronic Bronchiolitis
			Chronic Bronchiolitis
			Granulomatous Bronchiolitis
			Bronchiolar Necrosis
			Respiratory (Smoker’s) Bronchiolitis
			Peribronchiolar Metaplasia (Lambertosis)
			Mucostasis
			Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia
			Fibrous Proliferations in and Around Bronchioles
			Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome
			Terminal Airway Fibrosis With Dust Deposition (Pneumoconiosis-Associated Small Airway Disease)
			Dilated and Irregular Bronchiolar Shapes
			Bronchiolocentric Nodules
	Clinicopathologic Entities With Prominent Airway Manifestations
		Asthma-Associated Airway Diseases
			Allergic Bronchopulmonary Fungal Disease
			Mucoid Impaction of Bronchi
			Bronchocentric Granulomatosis
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Emphysema
		Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia With Occlusive Bronchiolar Fibrosis (Aguayo-Miller Disease)
		Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
	References
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Case 1
		Clinical History
		Microscopic Pathology
		Diagnosis
		Comment
		Bibliography
	Case 2
		Clinical History
		Microscopic Pathology
		Diagnosis
		Comment
		Bibliography
	Case 3
		Clinical History
		Microscopic Pathology
		Diagnosis
		Comment
		Bibliography
	Case 4
		Clinical History
		Microscopic Pathology
		Diagnosis
		Comment
		Bibliography
	Case 5
		Clinical History
		Microscopic Pathology
		Diagnosis
		Comment
		Bibliography
10 Pneumoconioses
	Overview and General Considerations
	Types of Pneumoconiosis
		Silicosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Asbestosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Silicatosis (Silicate Pneumoconiosis)
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Talcosis (Talc Pneumoconiosis)
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Siderosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Aluminosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Hard Metal Lung Disease
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Berylliosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Rare Earth Pneumoconiosis
			Clinical Presentation
			Pathologic Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
		Other Pneumoconioses
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 10.1
	Case 2
		eSlide 10.2
	Case 3
		eSlide 10.3
	Case 4
		eSlide 10.4
	Case 5
		eSlide 10.5
11 Pulmonary Vasculitis and Pulmonary Hemorrhage
	Pulmonary Vasculitis
		Overview of Pulmonary Vasculitis
		Idiopathic Vasculitic Syndromes That Commonly Affect the Lung
			Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis)
				Clinical Features
				Laboratory Studies
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Diagnosis
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis/Churg-Strauss Syndrome
				Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Microscopic Polyangiitis
				Clinical Features
				Radiographic Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Treatment and Prognosis
		Vasculitic Syndromes That Uncommonly Affect the Lung
			Necrotizing Sarcoid Granulomatosis
				Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Treatment and Prognosis
			Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
			Polyarteritis Nodosa
			Takayasu Arteritis
				Clinical Features
				Radiographic Features
				Pathologic Features
				Treatment
			Behçet Syndrome
				Clinical Features
				Radiographic Features
				Pathologic Features
				Treatment
		Secondary Vasculitis
			Pulmonary Infection and Septic Emboli
			Classic Sarcoidosis
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
				Therapy and Prognosis
		Pulmonary Hemorrhage
		Clinical View of Pulmonary Hemorrhage
		Morphologic Approach to Pulmonary Hemorrhage
		Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
		Specific Forms of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
			Goodpasture Syndrome
			Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis)
			Microscopic Polyangiitis
			Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
			Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)
			Isolated Pulmonary Capillaritis
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
	Case 2
	Case 3
	Case 4
	Case 5
12 Pulmonary Hypertension
	Morphologic Features of the Pulmonary Vasculature
		Pulmonary Arteries
		Pulmonary Veins
		Bronchial Arteries
		Recognition of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
	Definition of Pulmonary Hypertension
	Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
	Biomarkers of Pulmonary Hypertension
	Pathologic Features of Pulmonary Hypertension
		Plexogenic Arteriopathy
		Clinical and Etiologic Features
		Imaging Features
		Morphologic Features
			Grade I: Muscular Hypertrophy
			Grade II: Intimal Proliferation
			Grade III: Concentric Laminar Intimal Fibrosis
			Grade IV: Necrotizing Vasculitis
			Grade V: Plexiform Lesions
			Grade VI: Dilatation and Angiomatoid Lesions
		Clinical Correlations
		Differential Diagnosis
	Thrombotic and Embolic Hypertension
		Clinical Features
		Radiologic Features
		Pathologic Findings
		Clinical Correlations
		Differential Diagnosis
	Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
		Clinical Features
		Radiologic Features
		Pathologic Findings
		Clinical Correlations
		Differential Diagnosis
	Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Intrinsic Lung Disease or Hypoxia
	Morphologic Mimics of Pulmonary Hypertension
	Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
13 Pathology of Lung Transplantation
	Operation-Related Complications
		Primary Graft Dysfunction
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevention
		Arterial Anastomotic Obstruction
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Diagnosis
		Venous Anastomotic Obstruction
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Treatment
		Airway Dehiscence
			Time Period
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Treatment
		Large Airway Stenosis
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Treatment
	Pulmonary Allograft Rejection and Related Entities
		Acute (Cellular) Rejection
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Airway Inflammation: Lymphocytic Bronchiolitis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
		Obliterative Bronchiolitis
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Accelerated Graft Vascular Sclerosis
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
		Pulmonary Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Antibody-Mediated Rejection
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
			Prevention, Treatment, and Prognosis
	Infection
		Bacterial Infections
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
		Viral Infections
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
		Fungal Infections
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
		Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
	Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		Time Period
		Clinical Presentation
		Radiologic Findings
		Diagnosis
		Pathologic Findings
		Early Lesions
		Polymorphic Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		Monomorphic B-Cell Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		Monomorphic T-Cell Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma–Type Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment and Prognosis
	Other Complications
		Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
			Time Period
			Clinical Presentation
			Radiologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Pathologic Findings
			Histologic Differential Diagnosis
		Recurrence of the Primary Disease
			Clinical Features
			Diagnosis
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 13.1
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 2
		eSlide 13.2
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 3
		eSlide 13.3
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 4
		eSlide 13.4
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 5
		eSlide 13.5
			Clinical History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
14 Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Lung
	Introduction and General Considerations
	Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
		Definitions and Synonyms
		History
		Incidence and Demographics
		Clinical Manifestations
		Radiologic Features
		Gross Pathology
		Microscopic Pathology
		Special Studies
		Grading and Staging
		Differential Diagnosis
		Genetics
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Carcinoid Tumor
		Definitions and Synonyms
		Incidence and Demographics
		Clinical Manifestations
		Laboratory Findings
		Radiologic Features
		Gross Pathology
		Microscopic Pathology
		Special Studies
		Grading and Staging
		Variants
		Differential Diagnosis
		Genetics
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Atypical Carcinoid
		Definitions and Synonyms
		Incidence and Demographics
		Clinical Manifestations
		Laboratory Findings
		Radiologic Features
		Gross Pathology
		Microscopic Pathology
		Special Studies
		Grading and Staging
		Variants
		Differential Diagnosis
		Genetics
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
		Definitions and Synonyms
		Incidence and Demographics
		Clinical Manifestations
		Laboratory Findings
		Radiologic Features
		Gross Pathology
		Microscopic Pathology
		Special Studies
		Grading and Staging
		Variants
		Differential Diagnosis
		Genetics
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Small Cell Carcinoma
		Definitions and Synonyms
		Incidence and Demographics
		Clinical Manifestations
		Laboratory Findings
		Radiologic Features
		Gross Pathology
		Microscopic Pathology
		Combined Type Small Cell Carcinoma
		Special Studies
		Grading and Staging
		Variants
		Differential Diagnosis
		Genetics
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
		Definitions and Synonyms
		Incidence and Demographics
		Clinical Manifestations
		Radiologic Features
		Gross Pathology
		Microscopic Pathology
		Special Studies
		Differential Diagnosis
		Genetics
		Treatment and Prognosis
	Other Rare Neuroendocrine Tumors
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 14.1
			History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 2
		eSlide 14.2
			History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 3
		eSlide 14.3
			History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 4
		eSlide 14.4
			History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 5
		eSlide 14.5
			History
			Pathologic Findings
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
15 Sarcomas and Sarcomatoid Neoplasms of the Lungs and Pleural Surfaces
	Part I. Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Lung
		Historical and Terminologic Considerations
		Clinicopathologic Features of Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinomas
			Macroscopic Features
			Histologic Characteristics
				Homologous Biphasic Sarcomatoid Carcinomas.
				Heterologous Biphasic Sarcomatoid Carcinomas.
				Monophasic Sarcomatoid Carcinomas.
		Special Variants of Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Lung
			Pulmonary Blastoma
			Pseudoangiosarcomatous (Pseudovascular) Carcinoma
			Inflammatory Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
			Pleurotropic (Pseudomesotheliomatous) Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
		Results of Adjunctive Pathologic Studies
		Differential Diagnosis of Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
	Part II: True Primary Sarcomas of the Lung
		Kaposi Sarcoma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Fibrosarcoma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
				Primary Pulmonary Hyalinizing Spindle-Cell Tumor With Giant Rosettes.
		Primary Pulmonary Leiomyosarcoma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Hemangiopericytoma and Intrapulmonary Solitary Fibrous Tumor
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Chondrosarcoma of the Respiratory Tract
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Primary Pulmonary Synovial Sarcoma
			Clinical Findings
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Other Primary Pulmonary Sarcomas
	Part III: Primary Malignant Melanomas of the Lung
		Clinical Summary
		Pathologic Findings
		Therapy and Prognosis
	Part IV: Sarcomas of the Pulmonary Arterial Trunk
		Clinical Summary
		Pathologic Findings
		Therapy and Prognosis
	Part V: Tumors of the Pleura
		Sarcomatoid Malignant Mesothelioma (See Also Chapter 21)
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Primary Pleural Sarcomas
		Pleural Fibrosarcoma and Malignant Solitary Fibrous Tumor
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Primary Pleural Leiomyosarcoma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Askin Tumor (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor) and Desmoplastic Small Round-Cell Tumor
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Pleuropulmonary Blastoma
			Clinical Summary
			Pathologic Findings
			Therapy and Prognosis
		Vascular Sarcomas of the Pleura
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 15.1
			Discussion
	Case 2
		eSlide 15.2
			Discussion
	Case 3
		eSlide 15.3
			Discussion
	Case 4
		eSlide 15.4
			Discussion
	Case 5
		eSlide 15.5
			Discussion
16 Hematolymphoid Disorders
	Special Studies
		Immunohistochemistry
			Indications
			Specimen Requirements
		Flow Cytometry
			Indications
			Specimen Requirements
		Cytogenetics
			Indications
			Specimen Requirements
		Molecular Genetics
			Indications
			Specimen Requirements
		Frozen Section Issues
		Normal Lymphoid Tissue in the Lung and the Concept of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
	Reactive Lymphoid Proliferations
		Clinicopathologic Patterns of Pulmonary Lymphoid Hyperplasia
		Follicular Bronchiolitis
		Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia
		Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia and Diffuse Lymphoid Hyperplasia
		Castleman Disease
			Hyaline Vascular Variant
			Plasma Cell Variant
	Neoplastic and Malignant Lymphoid Proliferations
		Primary Lung Lymphomas
		Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
		Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma, Variants, and Subtypes
		Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
		Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Systemic Lymphoproliferative Disorders That May Secondarily Involve the Lung, Pleura, or Mediastinum
		High-Grade Lymphomas
		Immunoproliferative Disorders
			Plasmacytoma
		Immunodeficiency-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders
			Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		T Lineage Lymphoid Malignancies
		T Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
		T Cell Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
	Myeloid Proliferations
		Extramedullary Myeloid Tumors
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 16.1
			Clinical History
			Pathology Findings
			Final Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 2
		eSlide 16.2
			Clinical History
			Pathology Findings
			Final Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 3
		eSlide 16.3
			Clinical History
			Pathology Findings
			Final Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 4
		eSlide 16.4
			Clinical History
			Pathology Findings
			Final Diagnosis
			Discussion
	Case 5
		eSlide 16.5
			Clinical History
			Pathology Findings
			Final Diagnosis
			Discussion
17 Nonneuroendocrine Carcinomas (Excluding Sarcomatoid Carcinoma) and Salivary Gland Analogue Tumors of the Lung
	Incidence
	Demographics
	Prognosis
	Etiology
	Lung Cancer Clinical Findings and Imaging
		Clinical Findings
		Imaging
	Lung Cancer Staging, Prognosis, and Traditional Therapy
		Staging
		Prognosis
		Traditional Therapy
	Lung Cancer Histology
		Overview of Lung Cancer Histology
		2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Cancer
		Adenocarcinoma
			Lepidic Pattern and Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma
			Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia
			Adenocarcinoma in situ
			Minimally Invasive Adenocarcinoma
			Invasive Adenocarcinoma
			Lepidic Adenocarcinoma
			Acinar Adenocarcinoma
			Papillary Adenocarcinoma
			Micropapillary Adenocarcinoma
			Solid Adenocarcinoma
			Invasive Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
			Colloid Adenocarcinoma
			Fetal Adenocarcinoma
			Enteric Adenocarcinoma
			Signet Ring and Clear Cell Features
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Adenosquamous Carcinoma
		Large Cell Carcinoma
		Minor Cell Types (Including Salivary Gland and Sarcomatoid Types)
			Sarcomatoid Type.
			Carcinosarcoma.
			Blastoma.
			Pleomorphic Carcinoma.
			Salivary Gland Type.
			Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.
			Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma.
			Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma.
			Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma.
			Nuclear Protein in Testis Carcinoma.
		Cytology
			Adenocarcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Salivary Gland-Like Tumors
			Other Neoplasms
		Targeted Therapy Biomarkers in Lung Cancer
		Immune Checkpoint Therapies in Lung Cancer
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1: Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Carcinoma
		eSlide 17.1
			Clinical History
			Microscopic Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 2: Pulmonary Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		eSlide 17.2
			Clinical History
			Microscopic Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 3: Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
		eSlide 17.3
			Clinical History
			Microscopic Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 4: Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumor
		eSlide 17.4
			Clinical History
			Microscopic Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
	Case 5: Pulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma
		eSlide 17.5
			Clinical History
			Microscopic Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Discussion
		References
18 Metastatic Tumors in the Lung
	Routes of Spread for Intrapulmonary Metastases
		Vascular Metastases
		Lymphogenous Metastases
		Direct Seeding
	Pleural Metastases
	Endobronchial Metastases
	Modalities for the Diagnosis of Pleuropulmonary Metastases
	Practical Approach to Differential Diagnosis
		Adenocarcinoma Variants
			Papillary Adenocarcinomas
			Clear Cell Adenocarcinomas
			Signet-Ring Cell Adenocarcinomas
			Well-Differentiated Adenocarcinomas
			Oncocytic and Granular Cell Carcinomas
			Largely Necrotic Adenocarcinomas
			Mucinous Adenocarcinomas
			Other Metastatic Malignancies That Mimic Adenocarcinomas of the Lung
		Malignant Small Round Cell Tumors
		Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Morphologic Simulants
		Undifferentiated Large Polygonal Cell Malignancies
	Other Adjunctive Pathologic Techniques for the Diagnosis of Metastatic Carcinoma
	Outcomes Analysis
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
19 Pseudoneoplastic Lesions of the Lungs and Pleural Surfaces
	Pulmonary Hamartoma
	Inflammatory Pseudotumor—Plasma Cell Granuloma of the Lung
	Mycobacterial Spindle-Cell Pseudotumor
	Pseudoneoplastic Hematolymphoid Processes
		Rosai-Dorfman Disease (Sinus Histiocytosis With Massive Lymphadenopathy)
		Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
	Pseudoneoplastic Changes as a Consequence of Lung Injury
	Peribronchiolar Metaplasia (Lambertosis)
	Pseudoneoplastic Lesions of the Pleural Surfaces
		Reactive Mesothelial Proliferations
		Tumefactive Hyaline Pleural Plaques
		Diffuse Pleural Fibrosis
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 19.1
			Discussion
	Case 2
		eSlide 19.2
			Discussion
	Case 3
		eSlide 19.3
			Discussion
	Case 4
		eSlide 19.4
			Discussion
	Case 5
		eSlide 19.5
			Discussion
20 Benign and Borderline Tumors of the Lungs and Pleura
	Benign Pleuropulmonary Neoplasms
		Clinical Features
	Benign Tumors That Are Principally Tracheal and Endobronchial
		Solitary Tracheobronchial Papilloma
		Multifocal Respiratory Tract Papillomatosis
		Bronchial Mucous Gland Adenoma
		Salivary Gland Analog Tumors
			Mixed Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma)
			Oncocytoma
		Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
		Granular Cell Tumors
	Benign Lesions Affecting Either the Airways or the Lung Parenchyma
		Alveolar Adenoma
		Papillary Adenoma
		Leiomyoma
		Glomus Tumor and Glomangioma
		Chondroma, Myxoma, and Fibromyxoma
		Solitary Pulmonary Hemangioma and Hemangiomatosis
		Lipoma and Lipoblastoma
		Angiomyolipoma
		Myelolipoma
	Benign Tumors of the Pleura
		Adenomatoid Tumor
		Calcifying Fibrous Pseudotumor
		Leiomyoma
	Biologically Borderline Tumors of the Lung and Pleura
		Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (Inflammatory Pseudotumor)
		Sclerosing Hemangioma (Pneumocytoma)
		Pulmonary Mucinous Cystadenoma and Borderline Mucinous Tumor
		Solitary Fibrous Tumor
		Desmoid Tumor
		Clear Cell Tumor
		Primary Pleuropulmonary Thymoma
		Heterotopic Meningeal Proliferations
		Intrapulmonary Teratomas
		Cystic Fibrohistiocytic Tumor of the Lung
	Other Lesions
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 20.1
		Discussion
	Case 2
		eSlide 20.2
		Discussion
	Case 3
		eSlide 20.3
		Discussion
	Case 4
		eSlide 20.4
		Discussion
	Case 5
		eSlide 20.5
		Discussion
21 Malignant and Borderline Mesothelial Tumors of the Pleura
	Malignant Mesothelioma
		Clinical Findings in Pleural Mesothelioma
		Etiologic Considerations in Pleural Mesothelioma
		Gross Features of Pleural Mesothelioma
		Cytopathologic Features of Pleural Mesothelioma
		Histopathologic Features of Pleural Mesothelioma
			Epithelioid Mesothelioma
			Sarcomatoid (Spindle Cell) Mesothelioma
			Desmoplastic Mesothelioma
			Biphasic Mesothelioma
			Small Cell Mesothelioma
			Rhabdoid Mesothelioma
			Localized (Solitary) Mesothelioma
		Histochemical Features of Pleural Mesothelioma
		Electron Microscopic Features of Pleural Mesothelioma
		Immunohistochemical Findings in Pleural Mesothelioma
		Antibodies Often Used in the Analysis of Possible Mesothelioma
			General and Exclusionary Markers
				Keratins.
				Epithelial Membrane Antigen.
				Carcinoembryonic Antigen.
				Thyroid Transcription Factor-1.
				Napsin-A.
				CD15.
				CA 72-4.
				Ber-Ep4.
				MOC-31.
				BG8.
				p53.
			Inclusionary Markers
				Calretinin.
				WT1 Gene Product.
				Thrombomodulin.
				Podoplanin.
			Other Markers
				Oncofetal Proteins.
				Blood Group Isoantigens.
				Mesothelin.
				HBME-1 and Cancer Antigen 125.
				Neuroendocrine Determinants.
				Additional Hematopoietic Markers.
				Anti-BAP-1, p16, and Other Supplementary Reagents.
			Practical Points Regarding the Immunohistochemistry of Mesothelioma
		Cytogenetic and Molecular Features of Pleural Mesothelioma
		Differential Diagnosis of Pleural Mesothelioma: Special Considerations
			Differential Diagnosis of Benign Versus Malignant Mesothelial Proliferations
				Florid Mesothelial Hyperplasia Versus Epithelioid Mesothelioma.
				Fibrohyaline Pleuritis Versus Desmoplastic Mesothelioma.
			Differential Diagnosis of Cytologically Malignant Pleural Neoplasms
				Epithelioid Mesothelioma Versus Hematopoietic Malignancies.
				Epithelioid Mesothelioma Versus Epithelioid Endothelial Neoplasms.
				Primary Pleural Myxoid Chondrosarcoma Versus Mesothelioma.
				Synovial Sarcoma Versus Mesothelioma.
				Pseudomesotheliomatous Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Versus Mesothelioma.
				Small Cell Mesothelioma Versus Other Small Cell Malignancies.
				Primary Pleural Thymomatosis Versus Mesothelioma.
				Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura Versus Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma.
				Clear Cell Mesothelioma Versus Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.
				Oncocytoid/Deciduoid Mesothelioma Versus Other “Pink” Cell Malignancies.
				Rhabdoid Mesothelioma Versus Metastases of Extrarenal Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors.
				Epithelioid Mesothelioma Versus Primary or Metastatic Germ Cell Malignancies.
				Metastatic Intranodal Mesothelioma Versus Lymph Nodal Mesothelial Rests.
	Borderline (Low-Grade Malignant) Mesothelial Tumors
		Etiologic Considerations
		Clinical Findings
		Pathologic Observations
	Staging and Prognosis of Malignant Mesothelioma
	References
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Case 1
		eSlide 21.1
	Case 2
		eSlide 21.2
	Case 3
		eSlide 21.3
	Case 4
		eSlide 21.4
	Case 5
		eSlide 21.5
Appendix: Miscellaneous Distinctive Histopathologic Findings
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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