Power Plant Synthesis

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts
	1.1. Energy and Power
		1.1.1. Energy
		1.1.2. Power
		1.1.3. Energy and Power Evolution versus Time
		1.1.4. Energy and Power Units
	1.2. Energy Form Classification and Transformation
		1.2.1. Energy Form Classification
		1.2.2. Energy Form Transformations
	1.3. Energy Sources
		1.3.1. Nonrenewable Energy Sources
			1.3.1.1. Coal
			1.3.1.2. Oil
			1.3.1.3. Natural Gas
			1.3.1.4. Nuclear Fuels
		1.3.2. Available Reserves of Nonrenewable Energy Sources
		1.3.3. Renewable Energy Sources
		1.3.4. Power Density of Energy Sources
			1.3.4.1. Upper Heat Capacity
			1.3.4.2. Lower Heat Capacity
	1.4. Energy Efficiency and Transformation
		1.4.1. Energy Efficiency
		1.4.2. Energy Transformation
		1.4.3. Average and Instant Efficiency
	1.5. Efficiency of Transformers Connected in Series and in Parallel
		1.5.1. Energy Transformers Connected in Series
		1.5.2. Energy Transformers Connected in Parallel
	1.6. Conventional and Hybrid Power Plants
		1.6.1. Conventional Energy Systems
		1.6.2. “Hybrid” Energy Systems
	1.7. The Book’s Layout
		Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts
		Chapter 2: Conventional Power Plants for Electricity Production
		Chapter 3: Electricity Production Hybrid Power Plants
		Chapter 4: Hybrid Plants for Thermal Energy Production
		Chapter 5: Cogeneration Power Plants
		Chapter 6: Smart Grids
		Chapter 7: Energy as a Consumptive Product
	References
Chapter 2: Conventional Power Plants for Electricity Production
	2.1. Electrical Systems
		2.1.1. Layout of an Electrical System
			2.1.1.1. Electricity Production Power Plants
			2.1.1.2. Electricity Grids
			2.1.1.3. Voltage Sub-Stations
		2.1.2. Interconnected and Non-Interconnected Electrical Systems
		2.1.3. Electrical System Security
		2.1.4. Spinning Reserve
		2.1.5. RES Power Plants and Dynamic Security of Electrical Systems
		2.1.6. Electrical System Power Demand
	2.2. Power Generators
		2.2.1. Steam Turbines
			2.2.1.1. Steam Preparation Stage
			2.2.1.2. Steam Expansion Stage
			2.2.1.3. Steam Restoration Stage
		2.2.2. Diesel Generators
		2.2.3. Gas Turbines
		2.2.4. Combined Cycles
		2.2.5. Technical Minimum, Nominal Power, and Efficiency of Thermal Generators
		2.2.6. Hydro Turbines
		2.2.7. Nonguaranteed Power Production Units
		2.2.8. Power Production Generators Dispatch Order
			2.2.8.1. Steam Turbines
			2.2.8.2. Diesel Generators
			2.2.8.3. Gas Turbines
			2.2.8.4. Combined Cycles
			2.2.8.5. Nonguaranteed Power Production Units
			2.2.8.6. Hydro Turbines
		2.2.9. Spinning Reserve Policy
	2.3. Power Production Synthesis Examples
	2.4. Hourly Calculation of an Electrical System
		2.4.1. Operation with Wind Park Penetration
		2.4.2. Operation without Wind Parks
	2.5. Computational Simulation of the Annual Operation of an Electrical System
	2.6. Computational Simulation of the Annual Operation of Crete’s Autonomous Electrical System
		2.6.1. Crete Power Demand
		2.6.2. Crete Thermal Power Plants
		2.6.3. Crete Nonguaranteed Power Production Plants
		2.6.4. Crete Fuels
		2.6.5. Crete Simulation Results
			2.6.5.1. Power Production Synthesis Graphs
			2.6.5.2. Wind and PV Power Penetration
			2.6.5.3. Electricity Production, Generator Efficiency, Fuels Consumption, and Costs
			2.6.5.4. CO2 Emissions
	2.7. Computational Simulation of the Annual Operation of Praslin’s Autonomous Electrical System
		2.7.1. Praslin–La Digue Power Demand
		2.7.2. Praslin–La Digue Thermal Power Plant
		2.7.3. Praslin–La Digue Nonguaranteed Power Production Plants
		2.7.4. Praslin–La Digue Fuels
		2.7.5. Praslin–La Digue Simulation Results
			2.7.5.1. Power Production Synthesis Graphs
			2.7.5.2. Electricity Production, Generator Efficiency, Fuels Consumption, and Costs
			2.7.5.3. CO2 Emissions
	References
Chapter 3: Electricity Production Hybrid Power Plants
	3.1. The Concept of the Hybrid Power Plant
	3.2. Classification of Electricity Production Hybrid Power Plants
	3.3. Technologies for Large-Size Hybrid Power Plants
		3.3.1. Base Units
		3.3.2. Storage Units
			3.3.2.1. Compressed-Air Energy Storage Systems
			3.3.2.2. Pumped Hydro Storage Systems
	3.4. Technologies for Small-Size Hybrid Power Plants
		3.4.1. Renewable Energy Source Units
		3.4.2. Storage Units
			3.4.2.1. Electrochemical Batteries
			3.4.2.2. Fuel Cells
		3.4.3. Storage Plant Selection for Small-Size Hybrid Power Plants
	3.5. Operation Algorithms of Large-Size Hybrid Power Plants
		3.5.1. Hybrid Power Plants for 100% RES Penetration
			3.5.1.1. PHS Systems as Storage Unit
			3.5.1.2. CAES Systems as Storage Unit
		3.5.2. Hybrid Power Plants for Power Peak Shaving
	3.6. Operation Algorithms of Small-Size Hybrid Power Plants
		3.6.1. Hybrid Power Plants of Small Size
		3.6.2. Simulation of an Electrolysis Unit and a Fuel Cell Operation
		3.6.3. Hybrid Power Plants of Very Small Size
	3.7. Optimization Criteria for the Dimensioning of Hybrid Power Plants
		3.7.1. Optimization of Hybrid Power Plants Based on Energy Criteria
		3.7.2. Dimensioning Optimization of Hybrid Power Plants Based on Economic Criteria
			3.7.2.1. Optimization of the Investment’s Economic Indices
			3.7.2.2. Minimization of Setup and Operation Costs
	3.8. Hybrid Power Plant Case Studies
		3.8.1. A Hybrid Power Plant for the Faroe Islands
			3.8.1.1. The Aim of the Dimensioning
			3.8.1.2. Independent Parameters of the Dimensioning
			3.8.1.3. Required Data
			3.8.1.4. Building the Power Demand Annual Time Series
			3.8.1.5. Available RES Potential
			3.8.1.6. The Proposed Hybrid Power Plant
			3.8.1.7. Results
		3.8.2. A Hybrid Power Plant in the Island of Sifnos, Greece
			3.8.2.1. The Aim of the Dimensioning
			3.8.2.2. Independent Parameters of the Dimensioning
			3.8.2.3. Required Data
			3.8.2.4. Dimensioning Procedure
			3.8.2.5. Results
		3.8.3. A Hybrid Power Plant for the Island of Kastelorizo, Greece
			3.8.3.1. Objective of the Case Study
			3.8.3.2. Hybrid Power Plant Components
			3.8.3.3. Dimensioning Parameters and Required Data
			3.8.3.4. Dimensioning of the Hybrid Power Plant Supported with CAES
			3.8.3.5. Dimensioning of the Hybrid Power Plant Supported with Electrochemical Storage
		3.8.4. A Hybrid Power Plant for a Remote Cottage
			3.8.4.1. The Estimation of the Power Demand
			3.8.4.2. The Estimation of the Available RES Potential
			3.8.4.3. Power Production Calculation from the RES Units
			3.8.4.4. Power Production from the Thermal Generators and Fuel Consumption
			3.8.4.5. Calculation of the LCC Dimensioning Optimization
	References
Chapter 4: Hybrid Plants for Thermal Energy Production
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. Solar Collectors
		4.2.1. Uncovered Solar Collectors
		4.2.2. Flat-Plate Solar Collectors
		4.2.3. Vacuum Tube Solar Collectors
		4.2.4. Concentrating Solar Collectors
			4.2.4.1. Line-Focus Concentrating Solar Collectors
			4.2.4.2. Spherical Concentrating Collectors
			4.2.4.3. Compound Parabolic Collectors
		4.2.5. Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid Solar Collectors
	4.3. Energy Analysis of a Flat-Plate Solar Collector
		4.3.1. Heat Removal Factor FR
		4.3.2. Thermal Transmittance Factor UL
		4.3.3. Transmittance–Absorptance Product (τ ⋅ α)
		4.3.4. Efficiency of Flat-Plate Solar Collector
			4.3.4.1. Incidence Angle Modifier
			4.3.4.2. Collector’s Time Constant
		4.3.5. Calculation Procedure of the Thermal Power Production from Flat-Plate Collectors
		4.3.6. Operation Features of Flat-Plate Solar Collectors
		4.3.7. Optimum Installation Angle
		4.3.8. Application for Water-Based Photovoltaic Hybrid Thermal Collectors
	4.4. Energy Analysis for a Concentrating Solar Collector
		4.4.1. Total Thermal Transmittance Factor UL for the Heat Losses from the Receiver
		4.4.2. Thermal Power Production from Concentrating Solar Collectors
		4.4.3. Solar Radiation Absorptance from Concentrating Solar Collectors
		4.4.4. Solar Radiation Absorbed from Compound Parabolic Collectors
	4.5. Thermal Energy Storage
		4.5.1. Thermal Energy Storage in Water Tanks
		4.5.2. Stratification Thermal Storage in Water Tanks
	4.6. Operation Simulation of Thermal Hybrid Power Plants
		4.6.1. Heat Exchanger Factor
		4.6.2. Heat Losses from the Hydraulic Network
		4.6.3. Connection of Solar Collectors In-Parallel and In-Series
		4.6.4. Thermal Energy Storage in Multiple Storage Tanks
	4.7. Solar Thermal Power Plants
		4.7.1. Solar Thermal Power Plant Alternative Technologies
			4.7.1.1. Parabolic Trough Collector Systems
			4.7.1.2. Linear Fresnel Reflector Systems
			4.7.1.3. Power Tower/Central Receiver Systems
			4.7.1.4. Parabolic Disk Systems
		4.7.2. Thermal Energy Storage Systems
			4.7.2.1. Sensible Heat Storage Systems
			4.7.2.2. Latent Heat Storage Systems
			4.7.3.3. Thermochemical Heat Storage Systems
			4.7.4.4. Thermal Energy Storage Integration
	4.8. Characteristic Case Studies
		4.8.1. Thermal Hybrid Plant for Swimming Pool Heating
		4.8.2. Thermal Hybrid Plant for School Building Heating
	References
Chapter 5: Cogeneration Power Plants
	5.1. Introduction
	5.2. Basic Categories of Cogeneration Systems
		5.2.1. Centralized Cogeneration Systems
		5.2.2. Decentralized Cogeneration Systems
	5.3. Technologies of Cogeneration Systems
		5.3.1. Steam Turbine Centralized Cogeneration Systems
			5.3.1.1. Cogeneration System with a Back-Pressure Steam Turbine
			5.3.1.2. Cogeneration System with an Extraction Steam Turbine
			5.3.1.3. Cogeneration System with a Bottoming Cycle Steam Turbine
		5.3.2. Gas Turbine Cogeneration Systems
			5.3.2.1. Cogeneration Systems with Open-Cycle Gas Turbines
			5.3.2.2. Cogeneration Systems with Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines
		5.3.3. Cogeneration Systems with Reciprocating Engines
			5.3.3.1. Cogeneration Systems with Otto Gas Engines
			5.3.3.2. Cogeneration Systems with Diesel Gas Engines
			5.3.3.3. Cogeneration Systems with Diesel Engines for Electricity Production
		5.3.4. Cogeneration Systems with Combined Cycles
		5.3.5. Compact Cogeneration Systems of Small Size
		5.3.6. Other Types of Cogeneration Systems
			5.3.6.1. Bottoming Cycles with Organic Fluids
			5.3.6.2. Fuel Cells
			5.3.6.3. Cogeneration Systems with Stirling Engines
	5.4. Efficiency Factors of Cogeneration Systems
	5.5. Fundamental Thermodynamic Concepts
		5.5.1. Energetic Analysis
		5.5.2. The Concept of Exergy
		5.5.3. The Energetic and Exergetic Analysis of a Thermal Process
		5.5.4. Analytical Expressions of Exergy Quantities
		5.5.5. Base Enthalpy and Chemical Exergy of Species
	5.6. Energetic and Exergetic Analysis of Cogeneration Processes
	5.7. District Heating and Cooling
		5.7.1. Fundamental Layout of a District Heating System
			5.7.1.1. Heat Exchangers
			5.7.1.2. Expansion Systems
			5.7.1.3. Circulators
			5.7.1.4. Pipelines
		5.7.2. Fundamental Layout of a District Cooling System
	5.8. District Heating Examples
		5.8.1. Biomass District Heating in Güssing, Austria
		5.8.2. Geothermal District Heating in Milan, Italy
	5.9. A CHP Plant Case Study
		5.9.1. Location and Climate Conditions
		5.9.2. Calculation of the Algae Ponds’ Heating Loads
		5.9.3. The CHP Plant Layout
		5.9.4. The CHP Plant Operation Algorithm
		5.9.5. Simulation Results
	5.10. Solar Cooling Systems
		5.10.1. Trigeneration and Solar Cooling
		5.10.2. Fundamental Principles of Absorption Cooling
		5.10.3. Solar Cooling
		5.10.4. A Solar Cooling Case Study
	References
Chapter 6: Smart Grids
	6.1. Background
	6.2. The Concept of Smart Grids
		6.2.1. Functionalities of Smart Grids
		6.2.2. Evolution of Smart Grids
		6.2.3. Smart Grid Conceptual Model
			6.2.3.1. Customers Domain
			6.2.3.2. Markets Domain
			6.2.3.3. Service Providers Domain
			6.2.3.4. Operations Domain
			6.2.3.5. Generation Including Distributed Energy Resources Domain
			6.2.3.6. Transmission Domain
			6.2.3.7. Distribution Domain
	6.3. Demand Side Management
		6.3.1. Consumers’ Classification
		6.3.2. Demand Side Management Strategies
			6.3.2.1. Load Shifting (Peak Load Shaving)
			6.3.2.2. Dispersed Power Production
			6.3.2.3. Load Curtailment
			6.3.2.4. Energy Efficiency
		6.3.3. Demand Side Management Programs
		6.3.4. Demand Side Management Benefits
			6.3.4.1. Bill Savings for Customers Involved in DSM Programs
			6.3.4.2. Bill Savings for Customers Not Involved in DSM Programs
			6.3.4.3. Reliability Benefits for All Customers
			6.3.4.4. Market Performance
			6.3.4.5. Improved System Security and Performance
			6.3.4.6. System Expansion
	6.4. Enabling Technologies for Smart Grids
		6.4.1. Control Devices and DSM
		6.4.2. Control Devices and DER
		6.4.3. Monitoring Systems
			6.4.3.1. Smart Metering
		6.4.4. Communication Systems
	6.5. Smart Grid Benefits
	6.6. Smart Grid Barriers
	6.7. Smart Grid Implementation Examples
		6.7.1. The Smart Grid of Azienda Elettrica di Massagno
		6.7.2. Duke Energy Carolinas Grid Modernization Projects
		6.7.3. The Smart Micro-Grid on the Island of Tilos
	References
Chapter 7: Energy as a Consumptive Product
	7.1. Introduction
	7.2. Oil and Development
		7.2.1. Brief Historical Background
		7.2.2. Effects of Oil Prices on International and National Macro Economies
		7.2.3. Oil and Development of Local and National Economies
			7.2.3.1. Iran
			7.2.3.2. Saudi Arabia
			7.2.3.3. Kuwait
			7.2.3.4. Mexico
			7.2.3.5. Russia
			7.2.3.6. Nigeria
			7.2.3.7. Venezuela
			7.2.3.8. Canada
			7.2.3.9. United Arab Emirates
	7.3. Nuclear Energy and Development
	7.4. Renewable Energy Sources and Development
		7.4.1. Development of RES Electricity Production Projects in Greece
		7.4.2. Rational Development of RES Projects and Maximization of Common Benefits
			7.4.2.1. A Clear, Objective, and Effective Legislation Framework
			7.4.2.2. Public Rates for Local Municipalities
			7.4.2.3. Support of Local Entrepreneurship for the Development of RES Projects
			7.4.2.4. Protection of the Environment, Respect to Existing Domestic and Commercial Activities
			7.4.2.5. Cultivation of a Positive Common Attitude
		7.4.3. Examples from RES and Development
			7.4.3.1. Hydroelectricity in Norway
			7.4.3.2. Wind Power in Denmark
			7.4.3.3. RES Penetration in Iceland
			7.4.3.4. Wind Power in Germany
			7.4.3.5. Wind Power in United Kingdom
			7.4.3.6. The Energy Cooperative of Sifnos Island, Greece
			7.4.3.7. Faroe Islands, 100% Energy Autonomy by 2030
	7.5. Environmental Impacts from Thermal Power Plants
		7.5.1. Landscape Degradation
		7.5.2. Leaks Through the Drilling and Transportation Processes
		7.5.3. Impacts on Water Resources
		7.5.4. Acid Deposition
	7.6. Impacts from the Use of Nuclear Power
		7.6.1. Nuclear Wastes
		7.6.2. Risk of a Nuclear Accident
			7.6.2.1. The Nuclear Accident in Chernobyl
	7.7. Impacts from Wind Parks and Photovoltaic Stations
		7.7.1. Visual Impact
		7.7.2. Noise Emission
		7.7.3. Impacts on Birds
		7.7.4. Shadow Flicker
		7.7.5. Land Occupation
		7.7.6. Electromagnetic Interference
	7.8. Impacts from Hydroelectric Power Plants
		7.8.1. Impacts on Ground
		7.8.2. Water
		7.8.3. Fish Fauna
		7.8.4. Other Fauna
		7.8.5. Biotope: Flora and Vegetation
		7.8.6. Landscape
		7.8.7. Microclimate
	7.9. Impacts from Geothermal Power Plants
		7.9.1. Impacts on Air Quality
		7.9.2. Impacts on Water Resources
		7.9.3. Geologic Hazard
		7.9.4. Wastes
		7.9.5. Noise
		7.9.6. Biological Resources
	References
Index