Potential Pulses: Genetic and Genomic Resources

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Potential Pulses: Genetic and Genomic Resources
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Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
1 Leveraging the Potential of Lesser-known Pulses for the Sustainability of Future Food Systems
	Abstract
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Pulses for food and nutritional security
		1.1.2 Smart food crops: a path to sustainable agriculture
	1.2 Potential Pulse Crops: Nutrient Status, Consumption Pattern and Usage
	1.3 Harnessing Genetic and Genomic Resources for Climate-resilient Agriculture
		1.3.1 Genetic resources
		1.3.2 Genomic resources
	References
2 African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
		2.2.1 African yam bean – a legume for humid tropical regions
	2.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
		2.3.1 Assurances of extant plant genetic resources as landraces
	2.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
		2.4.1 Historic exploration of African yam bean in Nigeria and conservation status
		2.4.2 African yam bean germplasm in Nigeria
		2.4.3 African yam bean genetic resources in Ghana
	2.5 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
		2.5.1 Importance of African yam bean and its pre-breeding status
		2.5.2 Unveiled intraspecific variabilities in African yam bean genetic resources
	2.6 Integration of Genomic in African Yam Bean Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
	2.7 Erosion of Genetic Resources from Traditional Areas and Limitations in Germplasm Use
		2.7.1 Realities of losses of plant genetic resources
		2.7.2 Resilience of African yam bean genetic resources despite neglect and underutilization
	2.8 Positive Utilization of the Discovered Genetic Resources in African Yam Bean
		2.8.1 Assimilate sharing for grain and tuber yield in African yam bean
		2.8.2 Meal quality improvement and breeding for pest resistance complexes
		2.8.3 Lectin-based product development
		2.8.4 Modelling the growth habit of African yam bean
		2.8.5 Reduction of cooking time in African yam bean
	2.9 Cultural Practices
	2.10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi)
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
	3.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	3.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
	3.5 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
		3.5.1 Yield
		3.5.2 Biotic stresses
		3.5.3 Varieties suitable for mechanization
		3.5.4 Abiotic stresses
	3.6 Integration of Genomic and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
	3.7 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from Traditional Areas and Limitations in Germplasm Use
	3.8 Cultivation Practices
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
	4.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	4.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
	4.5 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
	4.6 Integration of Genomic and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
	4.7 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from Traditional Areas and
	4.8 Cultivation Practices
	4.9 Conclusion
	References
5 Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
	5.3 Genetic Resources in Cluster Bean and their Utilization
	5.4 Approaches for Genetic Improvement in Cluster Bean
		5.4.1 Hybridization
		5.4.2 Tissue culture and genetic transformation
		5.4.3 Mutation breeding
	5.5 Biotechnological Approaches
	5.6 Cultivation Practices of Cluster Bean
		5.6.1 Selection of field/land preparation, seed treatments, sowing time and seed rate/sowing method
		5.6.2 Irrigation, fertilizer, weed management, disease and pest control
		5.6.3 Harvesting and seed yield
	5.7 Future Prospects and Conclusion
	References
6 Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi)
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Origin and Distribution of Rice Bean
	6.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	6.4 Common Uses
	6.5 Germplasm Ex-situ Collections
	6.6 Climatic and Soil Adaptation
	6.7 Nutritional Significance
		6.7.1 Antinutritional factors
	6.8 Poor Adoption Attributes of the Species
	6.9 Crop Improvement Programmes
		6.9.1 Characterization and evaluation
		6.9.2 Breeding programmes
		6.9.3 Pre-breeding and genetic enhancement
		6.8.4 Interventions of modern tools for crop improvement
	6.9 Cultivation Practices
		6.9.1 Soil and fertilizer requirement
		6.9.2 Sowing time
		6.9.3 Seed rate and spacing
		6.9.4 Inter-culture operations
		6.9.5 Harvesting
	6.10 Cropping Patterns and Crop Rotations
	6.11 Future Prospects
	References
7 Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus)
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
	7.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	7.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
		7.4.1 Characterization
		7.4.2 Morphological diversity
		7.4.3 Diversity at the biochemical and molecular level
	7.5 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
		7.5.1 Hybridization
	7.6 Integration of Genomic and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
		7.6.1 Association mapping
		7.6.2 Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
		7.6.3 Genomic selection
		7.6.4 Gene editing
	7.7 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from Traditional Areas and Limitations in Germplasm Use
	7.8 Cultivation Practices
		7.8.1 Time of sowing
		7.8.2 Soil preparation
		7.8.3 Sowing
		7.8.4 Fertilization
		7.8.5 Irrigation
		7.8.6 Weed control
		7.8.7 Pest and disease management
		7.8.8 Harvesting
	7.9 Conclusions
	7.10 Future Opportunities and Research Needs
	References
8 Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
		8.2.1 Origin
		8.2.2 Distribution
		8.2.3 Botanical description
	8.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	8.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
	8.5 Germplasm in Plant Breeding by Conventional Approaches
	8.6 Incorporation of Genomic and Genetic Assets for Plant Enhancement
	8.7 Loss of Genetic Variability from Traditional Regions and Limitations in Germplasm Use
	8.8 Cultivation Practices
		8.8.1 Seed selection
		8.8.2 Tillage and sowing
		8.8.3 Seed germination
		8.8.4 Vegetative growth
		8.8.5 Fertilization
		8.8.6 Seed maturation
		8.8.7 Harvesting
		8.8.8 Cropping systems
		8.8.9 Weed management
		8.8.10 Pest and disease management
	8.9 Future Directions
	References
9 Runner Bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.)
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
		9.2.1 Origin
		9.2.2 Distribution
		9.2.3 Botanical description
	9.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
		9.3.1 Crop gene pool
		9.3.2 Evolutionary relationships
		9.3.3 Systematics
	9.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
		9.4.1 Germplasm collection and conservation
		9.4.2 Characterization and evaluation
	9.5 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
	9.6 Integration of Genomic and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
	9.7 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from Traditional Areas and Limitations in Germplasm Use
	9.8 Cultivation Practices
	9.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
10 Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus L.)
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
	10.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	10.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
		10.4.1 Core collection
	10.5 Use of Germplasm in Lablab Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
	10.6 Integration of Genomics and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
		10.6.1 Advancements in the genomics of hyacinth bean
		10.6.2 Transcriptomics of hyacinth bean
	10.7 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from Traditional Areas and Limitations in Germplasm Use
	10.8 Cultivation Practices
	10.9 Future Directions
	References
11 Horse Gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.)
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
	11.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	11.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
	11.5 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
		11.5.1 Wide hybridization
		11.5.2 Mutation
	11.6 Integration of Genomic and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
	11.7 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from Traditional Areas and Limitations in Germplasm Use
	11.8 Cultivation Practices
	11.9 Conclusion
	References
12 Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.)
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Importance and scope
	12.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
	12.3 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	12.4 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
		12.4.1 Collections
		12.4.2 Characterization
		12.4.3 Importance of traditional varieties or landraces in Bambara groundnut
		12.4.4 Utilization
	12.5 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
	12.6 Integration of Genomic and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
	12.7 Genetic Improvement of Bambara Groundnut
	12.8 Cultivation Practices of Bambara Groundnut
		12.8.1 Soil and climate
		12.8.2 Land preparation
		12.8.3 Seed sowing
		12.8.4 Intercultural operations
		12.8.5 Fertilizer management
		12.8.6 Harvesting and post-harvest management
	12.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Origin, Distribution and Botanical Description
		13.2.1 Origin
		13.2.2 Distribution
		13.2.3 Botanical description
	13.3 Nutritional Significance
		13.3.1 Health benefits of winged bean
		13.3.2 Antinutrient composition
	13.4 Crop Gene Pool, Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics
	13.5 Germplasm Collection, Characterization, Evaluation and Conservation
	13.6 Use of Germplasm in Crop Improvement by the Conventional Approach
	13.7 Integration of Genomic and Genetic Resources for Crop Improvement
	13.8 Roadmap of Advanced Approaches for Nutritional Improvement of Winged Bean
		13.8.1 RNA interference (RNAi)
		13.8.2 Marker-assisted backcross breeding
		13.8.3 Transcriptomics
		13.8.4 CRISPR/Cas9
	13.9 Erosion of Genetic Diversity from Traditional Areas and Limitations in Germplasm Use
	13.10 Cultivation Practices
		13.10.1 Soil and climatic requirements
		13.10.2 Method of sowing and seed rate
		13.10.3 Integrated nutrient management
		13.10.4 Weed control
		13.10.5 Plant protection
		13.10.6 Harvesting and post-harvest management
	13.11 Future Directions
	References
14 Moth Bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal)
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Botanical Description
	14.3 Cytology
	14.4 Genetic Improvement
		14.4.1 Conventional breeding interventions
		14.4.2 Germplasm, varieties and variability
		14.4.3 Distant hybridization
		14.4.4 Mutation breeding
		14.4.5 Biotechnological interventions
			Tissue culture
			Protoplast culture
			In vitro flowering
	14.5 Molecular Biology: DNA Markers, Transcriptomics and Genetic Transformation
		14.5.1 Marker study for diversity analysis
		14.5.2 Transcriptomics studies
		14.5.3 QTL mapping and GWAS
	14.6 Genetic Transformation
	14.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
15 Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Origin, Botanical Description and Distribution
	15.3 Faba Bean Gene Pools and Evolution
	15.4 Germplasm Collection and Conservation
		15.4.1 Ex-situ conservation
		15.4.2 Germplasm maintenance
	15.5 Germplasm Characterization and Diversity
	15.6 Crop Improvement by Conventional Approaches
		15.6.1 Breeding methods
		15.6.2 Breeding for resistance to biotic stresses
			Foliar diseases
			Soil-borne diseases
			Insects
			Viruses
			Weeds
		15.6.3 Breeding for tolerance to abiotic stresses
			Heat tolerance
			Cold tolerance
			Drought tolerance
			Waterlogging tolerance
			Soil salinity
			Soil acidity
	15.7 Erosion of Genetic Diversity
	15.8 Genomic and Genetic Resources Integration in Crop Improvement
	15.9 Cultivation Practices
		15.9.1 Agronomy
		15.9.2 Disease management
		15.9.3 Insect management
		15.9.4 Virus management
		15.9.5 Weed management
		15.9.6 Soil acidity/salinity
	15.10 Conclusions
	References
16 Policies and Incentives to Promote Pulses: Indian Perspective
	Abstract
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Trends in Production and Yields
	16.3 Geographical Spread of Crops
	16.4 Costs and Returns
	16.5 Subsidies and Externalities
	16.6 Social Cost–Benefit Analysis
	16.7 Contribution of Pulses to Human Nutrition
	16.8 Average Consumption of Pulses
		16.8.1 Consumption habits of households
	16.9 Domestic Pulses Markets
		16.9.1 Marketing channels
		16.9.2 Input markets (seed)
		16.9.3 Output markets
		16.9.4 Long-term price cycle
	16.10 Global Trade in Pulses
		16.10.1 Changing international trade partners
	16.11 Government Support for Promotion of Pulses Production and Consumption
	16.12 Export–Import Policy Review
	16.12 Outlook for Pulses: A Holistic Approach
	16.13 Policy Recommendations
	16.14 Conclusions
	References
Index
Cabi
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