Portuguese: A Reference Manual

THE PORTUGUESE-SPEAKING WORLD......Page 12
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 14
ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND DIACRITICAL MARKS......Page 17
PHONETIC SYMBOLS......Page 19
LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND PORTUGUESE......Page 21
DEFINITIONS OF LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL TERMS......Page 26
ORTHOGRAPHIC REFORMS......Page 33
SOUND SYSTEM......Page 40
ORAL VOWELS......Page 41
ORAL DIPHTHONGS......Page 43
NASAL VOWELS......Page 44
NASAL DIPHTHONGS......Page 45
PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS......Page 46
CONSONANTS......Page 47
WRITING SYSTEM AND ACCENTUATION......Page 50
ALPHABET......Page 51
LETTERS USED TO TRANSCRIBE PORTUGUESE SOUNDS......Page 55
CAPITALIZATION......Page 59
PUNCTUATION MARKS AND COMMONLY USED TYPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS......Page 60
DIACRITICAL MARKS......Page 61
SYLLABLES AND WORD DIVISION......Page 63
STRESS AND ACCENTUATION......Page 64
WORDS STRESSED ON THE SECOND-TO-LAST SYLLABLE (PROPAROXYTONES)......Page 65
WORDS STRESSED ON THE NEXT-TO-LAST SYLLABLE (PAROXYTONES)......Page 66
WORDS STRESSED ON THE LAST SYLLABLE (OXYTONES)......Page 67
PORTUGUESE, SPANISH, AND ENGLISH COGNATES......Page 68
COGNATES......Page 69
PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH AND ENGLISH SOUNDS AND LETTERS......Page 70
PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH SOUNDS AND LETTERS......Page 76
PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH AND ENGLISH PREFIXES......Page 78
PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH AND ENGLISH SUFFIXES......Page 79
DIFFERENCES IN STRESS BETWEEN PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH COGNATES......Page 87
TRUE, PARTIAL, AND FALSE COGNATES......Page 88
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES......Page 92
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES......Page 93
CONTRACTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS WITH ARTICLES......Page 95
ADJECTIVES......Page 96
PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES......Page 97
GENDER OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES......Page 101
DIFFERENCES IN GENDERBETWEEN PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH NOUN COGNATES......Page 106
PLACEMENT OF ADJECTIVES WITH NOUNS......Page 107
DIMINUTIVES AND AUGMENTATIVES......Page 108
NUMBERS AND NUMERALS......Page 110
ADVERBS......Page 114
COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY......Page 116
COMPARISONS OF SUPERIORITY AND INFERIORITY......Page 117
RELATIVE SUPERLATIVES......Page 120
ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVES......Page 121
PERSONAL PRONOUNS......Page 123
SUBJECT PRONOUNS......Page 124
FORMS OF ADDRESS......Page 127
PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS AND CONTRACTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS......Page 128
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS......Page 129
INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS......Page 130
PLACEMENT OF OBJECT PRONOUNS......Page 131
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND VERBS......Page 134
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS......Page 139
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS......Page 142
CONTRACTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS WITH DEMONSTRATIVES......Page 145
RELATIVE WORDS......Page 146
INTERROGATIVE WORDS......Page 152
AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, AND INDEFINITE WORDS......Page 156
PREPOSITIONS......Page 163
VERBS AND CORRESPONDING PREPOSITIONS......Page 168
CONJUNCTIONS......Page 171
VERBS......Page 174
IMPERSONAL AND PERSONAL INFINITIVE......Page 176
PAST PARTICIPLE AND COMPOUND TENSES AND FORMS......Page 182
PASSIVE VOICE......Page 187
INDICATIVE MOOD......Page 190
FORMS......Page 191
USES......Page 199
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE......Page 200
FORMS......Page 201
USES......Page 203
FORMS......Page 205
USES......Page 208
PRETERITE VERSUS IMPERFECT......Page 209
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND PAST PERFECT (PLUPERFECT) TENSE......Page 211
FUTURE TENSE......Page 214
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE......Page 217
CONDITIONAL TENSE......Page 218
CONDITIONAL PERFECT TENSE......Page 222
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD......Page 223
PRESENT TENSE......Page 225
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE......Page 229
PAST (IMPERFECT) TENSE......Page 230
PAST PERFECT (PLUPERFECT) TENSE......Page 232
FUTURE TENSE......Page 233
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE......Page 235
SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES......Page 236
SUBJUNCTIVE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES......Page 240
SUBJUNCTIVE IN ADVERB CLAUSES......Page 242
SUBJUNCTIVE IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES......Page 246
SUBJUNCTIVE IN COMMON EXPRESSIONS......Page 248
PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND PROGRESSIVE TENSES AND FORMS......Page 249
IMPERATIVE MOOD......Page 253
IMPERSONAL VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS......Page 259
VERBS THAT TAKE AN INDIRECT OBJECT WITHOUT A DIRECT OBJECT......Page 260
SER VERSUS ESTAR......Page 261
FICAR......Page 265
TER AND HAVER......Page 266
HAVER AND FAZER IN EXPRESSIONS OF TIME......Page 268
ACABAR......Page 271
SABER VERSUS CONHECER......Page 272
VERB AND OTHER GRAMMAR CHARTS......Page 274
REGULAR VERBS: DERIVATION OF TENSES AND FORMS......Page 276
REGULAR VERBS......Page 277
IRREGULAR VERBS......Page 279
VERB TENSES AND FORMS......Page 287
PRESENT INDICATIVE......Page 288
IMPERFECT (PRETERITE IMPERFECT) INDICATIVE......Page 293
PRETERITE (PRETERITE PERFECT) INDICATIVE......Page 294
SIMPLE PAST PERFECT (PLUPERFECT) INDICATIVE......Page 296
FUTURE INDICATIVE......Page 297
CONDITIONAL......Page 298
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE......Page 299
PAST (IMPERFECT) SUBJUNCTIVE......Page 301
FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE......Page 302
PERSONAL INFINITIVE......Page 303
PAST PARTICIPLE......Page 304
COMPOUND TENSES......Page 307
PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND PROGRESSIVE TENSES......Page 308
IMPERATIVE (COMMAND FORMS)......Page 309
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS THAT REQUIRE THE SUBJUNCTIVE......Page 311
PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES......Page 314
CONTRACTIONS OF DIRECT WITH INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS......Page 315
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS, AND CONTRACTIONS......Page 316
CONTRACTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS......Page 317
RELATIVE WORDS......Page 318
INTERROGATIVE WORDS......Page 319
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS......Page 320
INDEFINITE WORDS......Page 321
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND RELATIVE SUPERLATIVES......Page 323
\"SYNTHETIC\" ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES......Page 324
ADVERBS AND ADVERB PHRASES......Page 328
PREPOSITIONS......Page 336
VERB LIST......Page 340
REFERENCE WORKS......Page 357
TEXTBOOKS......Page 359
INDEX OF TOPICS......Page 360
INDEX OF PORTUGUESE WORDS AND PHRASES......Page 368