Plant Stress Mitigators: Action and Application

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Climate Change Impacts on Plant and Soil Health
	Climate Change Impact on Alteration of Plant Traits
		Introduction
		Variations in Plant Species Distribution
		Variations in Life Cycles (Phenology) of Plants
		Indirect Impacts of Climate Change
		Elevated CO2 Impact on Plants
		Impact of High Temperature on Plants
		Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change: A Key Factor for Regulating Microbial Interaction with Plants
		Introduction
		Impact of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) on Microbial Interaction
		Stress and Heavy Metal Pollution
		Conclusion and Future Perspective
		References
	Climate Change and Soil Fertility
		Introduction
		Climate Change
			Major Causes of Climate Change
				Natural Causes
				Anthropogenic Causes
				Local Activities
		Soil and Soil Fertility
			Some Major Functions of Soil
			Major Types of Soils in India (Chauhan and Dahiphale, 2020)
		Impact of Climate Change on Soil Fertility
			Direct Impacts of Climatic Change on Soil Fertility
			Indirect Impacts of Climate Change on Soil Fertility
		Impact of Climate Change on Various Parameters of Soil
			Impact on Soil Physical Parameters
				Structure and Stability of Soil
				Soil Water Availability
				Soil Texture
				Soil Porosity
				Plant Nutrient Availability
				Soil Bulk Density
				Rooting Depth
				Soil Surface Cover
				Soil Temperature Regimes
			Soil Chemical Parameters
				Soil Salinization, Acidification, and Sodicity
				Nutrient Acquisition
				Soil pH
				Electrical Conductivity
				Cation Exchange Capacity and Sorption of Soil
			Soil Biological Parameters
				Soil Organic Matter
				Low-Density Fractions and Macro-Organic Matter
				Soil Carbon and Carbon to Nitrogen (C-N) Ratio
				Soil Flora, Fauna, and Microbial Biomass
		Effects of Increasing CO2 Concentration on Soil Fertility
		Effects of Temperature and Precipitation Change in Varied Climates
		Mitigation Strategies
		Conclusion
		References
	Impacts on Plant Growth and Development Under Stress
		Introduction
		Stress Induced Different Stages in Plant
		Stress Concept in Plant
		Oxidative Stress (Reactive Oxygen Species)
		Salinity Stress
		Water Stress
		Temperature Stress
		Chilling Stress
		High Temperature Stress
		Elevated CO2 Affecting Plant Development and Morphology
		Heavy Metal Stress
		Biotic Stress
		References
	Consequences of Climate Change Over Soil Dynamics: An Update
		Introduction
		Biodiversity in Soil Microflora and Functions
			Bacteria
			Fungi
		Impact of Climate Change over Soil Microbiome
			Elevated CO2
			Increased Temperature
			Permafrost Thaw
			Drought
			Increased Precipitation and Flooding
			Increased Fire Frequency or Intensity
		Protection of Soil Biodiversity
			Mulching/Light Soil Sealing
			Application of Organic Residues (Compost/Manure/Sludge)
			Fertilizers
			Crop Management
				Choice of Crop Species
				Crop Rotations
		Conclusion
		References
	Physiological Effects of Drought Stress in Plants
		Introduction
		Effects of Drought Stress on the Plant
			General Effects of Drought Stress
			Drought Effect on Cell and Tissue Growth
		Physiological Effects of Drought Stress
			Reduction of Relative Water Content (RWC)
			Reduction of Intercellular Space during Wilting
			The Effect of Drought Stress on Photosynthesis
			The Effect of Drought Stress on Respiration
			The Effect of Drought Stress on the Distribution of Photosynthetic Derivatives
			Drought Stress Effects on Metabolism and Accumulation of Sugars
			Drought Stress and Protein Breakdown
			Drought Stress Effects on Abscisic Acid Hormone
		Conclusion
		References
	Bioremediation-Based Microorganisms to Break Down Pollutants Decelerate Due to Climate Change
		Introduction
		Soil Pollution
		Bioremediation of Soil Pollution
		Effect of Soil Pollution on the Efficacy of Microbial Activity
		Impact of Pesticides on Microbial Activity
		Impact of Increased Soil Temperature on Microbial Activity
		Impact of Altered Soil pH on Microbial Activity
		Impact of Changed Soil Moisture Content on Microbial Activity
		Water Pollution
		Bioremediation of Water Pollution
		Influence of Abiotic Factors on Microbial Activity in Bioremediation of Water Pollutants
		Influence of Biotic Factors on Microbial Activity in Bioremediation of Water Pollutants
		Conclusion
		References
	Impact of Climate Change on Soil Microorganisms Regulating Nutrient Transformation
		Introduction
		Changing Climatic Conditions: A Global Perspective
			Effects of Climatic Change on Plants
			Effect of Climatic Change on Global Agricultural Systems
		Effect on Soil Microbiota Regulating Nutrient Transformation
			Carbon Exchange
			Nitrogen Exchange
			Alteration in Microbial Respiration Rates and Enzymatic Activities
			Impact on Plant-Microbe Interactions
			Decline in Carbon Sequestration
			Alteration in Microbial Distribution
		Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	Climate Change: Current Scenario and Its Implications on Soil Health and Mitigation
		Climate Change
		Climate Change Effect on the Health of Soil
			Physical Parameters of Soil
				Soil Edifice and Constancy
				Void Fraction or Porosity
				Plant Available Water and Infiltration
				Bulk Density
				Root Deepness
				Surface Cover of Soil
				Soil Temperature
				Soil pH
				Soil Electrical Conductivity
				Sorption and Cation Exchange Capacity
				Plant Available Nutrients
			Biological Parameters of Soil
				Soil Organic Matter
				C:N Relation of Soil
				Potentially Mineralizable C and N
				Soil Respiration
				Soil Microbial Biomass
				Enzyme Activity
				Soil Temperature
				Soil Structure and Soil Aggregation
				Density and Porosity
				Soil Abrasion
		Mitigation Approaches
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Microbe Mediated Plant Stress Mitigation
	Habitat-Imposed Stress Tolerance in Plants via Soil-Microbe Interactions
		Introduction
		Implications of Abiotic Stresses
			Water Stress
			Cold Stress
			Heat Stress
			Metal Stress
			Salinity Stress
			Light Intensity Stress
		Responses of Plants Toward Abiotic Stresses
			Physiological and Biochemical Responses
			Molecular Responses
		Plant-Microbe Interactions to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses
			Microbe-Mediated Alleviation of Drought Stress
			Microbe-Mediated Alleviation of Salinity Stress
			Microbe-Mediated Alleviation of Heavy Metal Stress
			Microbe-Mediated Alleviation of Temperature Stress
		Conclusion
		References
	Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Potential Candidate for Nitrogen Fixation
		Introduction
			Evolution and Taxonomy of AMF
		AMF and Abiotic Stresses
		Common Symbiotic Pathway
		Uptake of Nitrogen by AMF
			Uptake of Inorganic Nitrogen by AMF
			Uptake of Organic Nitrogen
		Conclusion
		References
	IAA Biosynthesis in Bacteria and Its Role in Plant-Microbe Interaction for Drought Stress Management
		Introduction
		Biosynthesis Pathways of IAA Operated in Bacteria
			Indole-3-Acetamide (IAM) Pathway
			Indole-3-Pyruvate (IPy) Pathway
			Indole-3-Acetotonitrile/Indole-3-Aldoxime (IAN/IAOx) Pathway
			Tryptamine (TAM) Pathway
			Tryptophan-Independent Pathway
		Role of IAA in Plant-Microbe Interaction: An Overview
		IAA Biosynthesis for Plant-Microbe Interaction in Response to Drought Stress
		IAA-Producing Bacteria for Mitigation of Drought Conditions
		Involvement of IAA to Change the Different Physiological Processes in Drought Stress
			Modification in Root Architecture for Water Uptake from Rhizospheric Soil
			Shoot Growth Under Drought Stress
			Maintaining the Osmotic Potential in Drought Stress
		Conclusion
		References
	Role of Plant-Microbe Interactions in Combating Salinity Stress
		Introduction
		Impact of Salinity on Plants
		Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB)
		Azospirillum
		Azospirillum: Role in Plant Growth and Production of Phytohormones Under Saline Conditions
			Production of Phytohormones
				Auxins
				IAA
				Gibberellins
				Ethylene
				Cytokinins
		Improvement in Mineral and Water Uptake
		Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Plants by Azospirillum
		Conclusion
		References
	Beneficial Rhizobacteria Unveiling Plant Fitness Under Climate Change
		Introduction
		Different Stresses Encountered by Plants
			Abiotic Stress
				Salinity
				Drought
				Temperature
				Contaminants
				Biotic Stress
		PGPR and Stress Tolerance
			Signal Exchange Between Plant Roots and PGPR
			PGPR Boost Plant Growth Under Stress Environments
				Abiotic Stress Tolerance Associated with PGPR
				Biotic Stress Tolerance Associated with PGPR
		Strategies to Alleviate Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
			Plant Adaptations
			Phytohormone Production
			ACC Deaminase Production
			Altered Rooting and Shoot Structures
			Osmotic Adjustments and Relative Water Content
			Osmotic Balance and Ion Homeostasis
		Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Tolerance
		Genetic Approaches for Engineering PGPR for Stress Resilience
		Conclusion and Future Perspective
		References
	Microorganisms: The Viable Approach for Mitigation of Abiotic Stress
		Introduction
		Effects of Stress on Plants
			Effects of Drought Stress on Plants
			Effects of Salt Stress on Plants
			Effects of Heat Stress on Plants
			Effects of Cold/Chilling Stress on Plants
			Effects of Heavy Metal Stress on Plants
		Role of Microbes to Stress Management
			Microorganism-Based Management of Drought Stress
			Microorganism-Based Management of Salt Stress
			Microorganism-Based Management of Heat Stress
			Microorganism-Based Management of Cold/Chilling
			Microorganism-Based Management of Heavy Metal Stress
		Conclusion
		References
	Emerging Microbe-Mediated Advanced Technology to Mitigate Climatic Stresses in Plants and Soil Health: Current Perspectives an...
		Introduction
		Present Status and Bridging Information
		Role of Rhizospheric Microbiome in Improving the Soil Health Amid Changing Climatic Conditions
		Mechanism of Interactions Between Plant Roots and Microbes
		Plants, Rhizospheric Microbes, and Climatic Conditions
		Direct Effects of the Changing Climate on Plants and Rhizospheric Microbial Communities
		Indirect Effects of the Changing Climate on Plants and Rhizospheric Microbial Communities
		Climate Change Mitigation and Food Security by Microbiome Engineering and Synthetic Biotechnology
		Microorganisms for Plant Productivity, Soil Health, and Plant Disease Management
		Efforts to Manipulate Soil Microbiome
			Carbon Sequestration
			Microorganisms as Beneficial Plant Inoculants
		Evolving Recent Technologies for Understanding of Plant-Microbial Interaction Responses Under Changing Climatic Conditions
		Metagenomic Tools for Unlocking the Black Box
		Current Perspectives and Future Challenges
		References
Part III: Advances in Plant Stress Mitigation
	Biotechnological Approaches for Mitigation and Adaptation of Climate Change
		Introduction
		Change in Earth´s Climate and Green Biotechnology
			Carbon Sequestration
			Biofuels
			Biochar
			Energy-Efficient Farming
			Mycobiotechnology
			Industrial Biotechnology
			Biofertilizer
			Genetically Modified Crops
		Conclusion
		References
	Use of Synthetic Ecology Approach in Exploring Plant-Microbial Interactions Under Habitat-Imposed Stresses
		Introduction
		Influence of Climate Change on Soil Microbes in Marginal Region
		Plant-Associated Microbiome
			Plant-Microbe Interaction Under Drought and Salt Stress Conditions
			Plant-Microbe Interaction Under Heavy Metal Stress
			Plant-Microbe Interaction Under Miscellaneous Stresses
		Challenges
		References
	Drought Tolerance Mechanisms in Crop Plants
		Introduction
		Water or Drought Stress
		Drought Stress and Competition of Organs for Water Absorption
		Adaptation to Environmental Stresses
		Drought Escape in Crop Plants
		Drought Resistance in Crop Plants
			Avoiding Drought
				Water Conservation by Reservoirs
				Rapid Water Uptake by Water Consumers
			Drought Tolerance (Low Water Condition of the Plant)
		Conclusion
		References
	Microbe-Mediated Amelioration of Salinity Stress in Crops
		Introduction
		Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
		Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
			Cyanobacteria
			Piriformospora indica
		Conclusion
		References
	Emerging Technologies to Understand Plant-Microbe Responses on Climatic Change
		Introduction
		Impact of Climatic Change on Plant-Microbe Interaction
		Conventional Methods for Understanding of Plant-Microbe Responses
			Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis
			Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP)
			Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis (DGGE)
			Isotope Probing
		Advent of Omics Revolution for Understanding Plant-Microbe Responses
			Gene-Sequencing Methods
			Shotgun Metagenomics
			Transcriptomics
			Proteomics
			Metabolomics
		Challenges
		Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	Functional Diversity of Microbes in Rhizosphere: A Key Player for Soil Health Conservation Under Changing Climatic Conditions
		Introduction
		Characterization of Root Microbiome
			Bacteria
			Fungi
			Archaea
			Culturable Rhizomicrobiome
			Unculturable Rhizomicrobiome
		Interactive Mechanisms Between Root and Microorganisms
		Factor Affecting the Root Microbiome Structure and Function
			Direct Impact of Climate Change on Root Microbiome
				Nitrogen Fixation
				Phosphate Solubilization
				Siderophore Production
				Phytohormone Production
				Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA)
				Ethylene
			Indirect Impact of Climate Change on Root Microbiome
		Molecular Strategies for Shaping the Root Microbiome
			Microbiome Engineering
				Top-Down Strategy
				Bottom-Up Strategy
		Effect of Rhizospheric Microbiome on Sustainable Agriculture
		Conclusions and Future Prospective
		References
	The Role of Polyamines in Drought Tolerance in Plants
		Introduction
		Dispensation and PA Metabolism in Plant
		Biosynthesis of Polyamine
		Catabolism of Polyamine
		Transporting Polyamine
		Conjugates of Polyamine
		Polyamines and Drought Stress in Plants
		Polyamines, ABA, and NO
		Polyamine Catabolism in Plants Growth
		Polyamines and Plant Senescence
		Drought Adaptation of PA Levels Through Genetic Modification
		Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
		References
	Portfolio of Drought Stress Response and Genetic Enhancement Strategies for Development of Future Drought-Tolerant Crop
		Introduction
		Genetic Basis of Drought Tolerance
		Molecular Basis of Drought Tolerance
		Engineering Drought Tolerance Through Genome Editing
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Alleviating Abiotic Stress in Plants Using Nanoparticles
		Introduction
		Nanotechnology
		Role of Nanoparticles in Abiotic Stress Reduction
		Salinity Stress in Plants
		Role of Nanoparticles to Reduce Salinity Stress in Plants
		Drought Stress in Plants
		Role of Nanoparticles in Drought Stress Reduction
		Nanoparticles Approach for Mitigating Heavy Metal Toxicity
		Mechanism Behind Alleviation of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants Using NPs
		Future Perspectives
		Conclusion
		References
	Climate Change Mitigation Through Agroforestry: Socioeconomic and Environmental Consequences
		Introduction
		Environmental Effects of Eucalyptus
		Ecological Impacts of Eucalyptus
		Eucalyptus Plantation´s Effects on Water Resources
		Poplar
		Carbon Sequestration Potential
		Adaptation and Mitigation in Context of Agroforestry
		Conclusion
		References
	An Overview on Soybean Mosaic Virus and Its Management
		Introduction
		The Potyviridae Family
		Potyvirus
		Transmission of Potyviruses
		Soybean Mosaic Virus
		Genome Organization of SMV
		Functions of SMV Proteins
		Global Status of SMV
		Indian Status of SMV
		Management of Soybean Mosaic Virus
		References
	An Overview of Microbial-Mediated Alleviation of Abiotic Stress Response in Plant
		Introduction
		Influence of Drought Stress
		Influence of Salinity in Plants
		Influence of Temperature
		Impact of Nutritional Stress
		Effects of Oxidative Stress
		Influence of Biotic Stress
			Microbe-Mediated Mitigation
		Effects of Heavy Metals
		Future Prospects and Conclusion
		References