Plant Disturbance Ecology: The Process and the Response

0120887789......Page 1
Plant Disturbance Ecology the Process and the Response......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Dedication Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 14
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 22
Introduction......Page 23
Disturbance as the Nemesis of Succession......Page 24
The Chronosequence Basis of Succession......Page 27
Coupling Disturbance and Vegetation Processes......Page 28
Conclusion......Page 32
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 37
The Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Land......Page 39
Characteristics of Turbulent Flow In and Above Plant Canopies......Page 44
Effects of Topography and Heterogeneity......Page 58
Implications of This Velocity Structure for Canopy Disturbance......Page 71
Summary......Page 76
References......Page 78
Introduction......Page 81
Convective Storms and Downbursts......Page 82
Vertical Equation of Motion......Page 90
Climatology......Page 93
Downdrafts, Mesocyclones, and Outflows......Page 97
Microbursts......Page 102
Large-Scale Systems......Page 109
References......Page 117
Additional Reference......Page 123
Introduction......Page 125
Theoretical Core......Page 129
Applied Force......Page 132
Resistive Force......Page 145
Direct Consequences......Page 150
Subsequent Impact of Windthrow, Stem Breakage, and Gap/Patch Formation......Page 159
Summary and Conclusions......Page 163
References......Page 165
Appendix 1: Glossary and Definitions......Page 175
Introduction......Page 179
Synoptic Conditions for Freezing Rain......Page 180
Climatology of Freezing Rain in Canada......Page 189
Meteorological Evolution of Ice Storm ‘98......Page 191
Possible Changes in Ice Storm Frequency Under a Warming Climate......Page 198
Summary......Page 199
References......Page 200
Introduction......Page 203
The Biomechanics of Branch Breakage During Ice Events With and Without Wind......Page 207
Ice Measurements in the Field......Page 222
A Review of the Literature on Tree Damage Caused By Icing Events......Page 223
The Population Consequences of Major Ice Events......Page 228
References......Page 233
Introduction......Page 237
Dune Types and Disturbance Types and Processes......Page 238
Conclusion......Page 262
References......Page 263
Introduction......Page 271
Traditional Dune Succession Hypothesis......Page 274
Problems with the Dune Succession Hypothesis......Page 277
Process-Response Alternative to Traditional Succession Hypothesis......Page 283
Conclusion......Page 295
References......Page 297
Introduction......Page 305
Geomorphic Classification of Riparian Zones and Disturbance Regimes in A Catchment......Page 308
Disturbance, Reliability of Regeneration Habitat, and Life History of Dominant Tree Species......Page 312
Conclusion......Page 326
References......Page 328
Introduction......Page 333
Water Balance......Page 334
Case Study: Northern Prairie Wetlands......Page 351
Conclusions......Page 356
Appendix: List of Symbols......Page 357
References......Page 359
Introduction......Page 363
Wet-Dry Cycles......Page 366
Marsh Ecology Research Program......Page 367
Coenocline Development: Same Pre- and Post-Disturbance Water Levels......Page 370
Coenocline Development: Different Pre- and Post-Disturbance Water Levels......Page 379
Models of Coenocline Development......Page 384
Conclusions......Page 388
References......Page 389
Introduction......Page 393
Conservation Laws......Page 394
Simple Examples......Page 395
Application to More Realistic Scenarios......Page 404
Case Study: A Model of Seed Survival......Page 409
Conclusion......Page 414
Appendix: Notation......Page 415
References......Page 416
Introduction......Page 419
The Grass Growth Form......Page 421
Regeneration from Seed......Page 425
Grasses as Fuel, Mulch, and Forage......Page 427
Drought Disturbance: A Primary Driver......Page 435
Direct Fire Effects......Page 437
Grassfire and Nutrients......Page 446
Grasses and Woody Plants......Page 447
A Final Caution—Grasses and Fires......Page 452
References......Page 453
Introduction......Page 463
Wildfire Processes and Characteristics......Page 465
Local Populations and Processes......Page 477
Regional Populations and Processes......Page 493
Conclusions......Page 499
References......Page 500
Introduction......Page 509
Defoliating Insects as a Distinct Class of Forest Disturbance......Page 513
The Process of Insect Disturbance......Page 517
Population Dynamics of Foliage-Grazers......Page 524
Conclusion......Page 540
References......Page 542
Introduction......Page 549
Derivation of the Red Top Model......Page 553
Results of the Fully Developed Model......Page 569
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 572
Acknowledgments......Page 573
References......Page 574
Introduction......Page 577
History of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks Over the Past 8600 Years......Page 581
Variation in Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Outbreaks: Reflection of Changes in Forest Structure......Page 586
References......Page 596
Introduction......Page 601
Herbivory in Boreal Forests......Page 603
Temporal Changes in Beaver Populations......Page 604
Traditional Understanding of Beaver Foraging Impact on Plant Community Structure......Page 607
Understanding Beaver Foraging Impacts on Composition and Dynamics of the Boreal Forest......Page 610
Conclusion......Page 619
References......Page 620
Introduction......Page 625
Background......Page 629
Theory for Interaction of Flow and Shrubs......Page 644
Model Results......Page 660
Discussion......Page 670
Summary and Conclusions......Page 689
References......Page 692
Index......Page 695