PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE - A TOOL IN BIOTECHNOLOGY : basics and application.

Preface to First Edition
Preface to Second Edition
Acknowledgments
In Memoriam Prof. Dr. Karl-Hermann Neumann (1936-2009)
Contents
About the Authors
1: Introduction
	References
2: Historical Developments of Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques
	References
3: Callus Cultures
	3.1 Establishment of a Primary Culture from Explants of the Secondary Phloem of the Carrot Root
		3.1.1 Sterile (Aseptic) Technique: Microbe Eradication
		3.1.2 Initial Contamination
		3.1.3 Latent Contamination
		3.1.4 Introduced Contamination
		3.1.5 Surface Sterilizing of Plant Material
	3.2 Fermenter Cultures (See Also Chap. 10)
	3.3 Immobilized Cell Cultures
	3.4 Nutrient Media
	3.5 Evaluation of Experiments
	3.6 Maintenance of Strains: Cryopreservation
	3.7 Some Physiological, Biochemical, and Histological Aspects
	References
4: Cell Suspension Cultures
	4.1 Methods to Establish a Cell Suspension
	4.2 Cell Population Dynamics
	References
5: Protoplast Cultures
	5.1 Production of Protoplasts
	5.2 Protoplast Fusion
	References
6: Haploid Techniques
	6.1 Application Possibilities
	6.2 Physiological and Histological Background
	6.3 Methods for Practical Application
	6.4 Anther and Ovary Culture
		6.4.1 Anther or Microspore Culture
			6.4.1.1 Materials
			6.4.1.2 Procedure
				Plants Growing Conditions and Selection of Microspore-Containing Spikes of Bobwhite Wheat Variety
	6.5 Haploid Plants
	References
7: Plant Propagation: Meristem Cultures, Somatic Embryogenesis Micropropagation, and Transformation of Somatic Embryos in Bior...
	7.1 General Remarks and Meristem Cultures
	7.2 Protocols of Some Propagation Systems
		7.2.1 In Vitro Propagation of Cymbidium
		7.2.2 Meristem Cultures of Raspberries
		7.2.3 In Vitro Propagation of Anthurium (following Geier 1986)
	7.3 Somatic Embryogenesis
		7.3.1 Basics of Somatic Embryogenesis
		7.3.2 Ontogenesis of Competent Cells
		7.3.3 Genetic Aspects: DNA Organization
		7.3.4 The Phytohormone System
		7.3.5 The Protein System
		7.3.6 Cell Cycle Studies
	7.4 Practical Application of Somatic Embryogenesis
	7.5 Artificial Seeds
	7.6 Embryo Rescue
	7.7 Bioreactors for Micropropagation and Genetic Transformations
	References
8: Some Endogenous and Exogenous Factors in Cell Culture Systems
	8.1 Endogenous Factors
		8.1.1 Genetic Influences
		8.1.2 Physiological Status of ``Mother Tissue´´
		8.1.3 Growth Conditions of the ``Mother Plant´´
	8.2 Exogenous Factors
		8.2.1 Growth Regulators
		8.2.2 Nutritional Factors
			8.2.2.1 Improvement of Nutrient Uptake by Transgenic Carrot Cultures
	8.3 Physical Factors
	References
9: Primary Metabolism
	9.1 Carbon Metabolism
		9.1.1 Improving Photosynthesis
	9.2 Nitrogen Metabolism
	References
10: Secondary Metabolism
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Mechanism of Production of Secondary Metabolites
	10.3 Historical Background
	10.4 Plant Cell Cultures and Pharmaceuticals and Other Biologically Active Compounds
		10.4.1 Antitumor Compounds
			10.4.1.1 Taxol
		10.4.2 Anthocyanin Production
	10.5 Strategies for Improvement of Metabolite Production
		10.5.1 Addition of Precursors and Biotransformations
		10.5.2 Immobilization of Cells (See Also Sect. 3.3)
		10.5.3 Differentiation and Secondary Metabolite Production
		10.5.4 Elicitation
			10.5.4.1 Jasmonic Acid
			10.5.4.2 Salicylic Acid
			10.5.4.3 Effect of UV on Production of Secondary Metabolites in Cultured Tissues
	10.6 Organ Cultures
		10.6.1 Shoot Cultures
		10.6.2 Root Cultures
		10.6.3 Adventitious Root Culture
	10.7 Genetic Engineering of Secondary Metabolites (See Also Sect. 13.6.3)
	10.8 Membrane Transport and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites
	10.9 Bioreactors (See Also Sect. 3.2)
		10.9.1 Technical Aspects of Bioreactor Systems
	10.10 Prospects
	References
11: Phytohormones and Growth Regulators
	References
12: Cell Division, Cell Growth, and Cell Differentiation
	References
13: Genetic Problems and Gene Technology
	13.1 Somaclonal Variations
		13.1.1 Ploidy Stability
		13.1.2 Some More Somaclonal Variations
	13.2 DNA Fingerprinting and Characterization of Germplasm
	13.3 Estimations of Genetic Diversity
	13.4 Evaluation of Genetic Fidelity During Long-Term Conservation
	13.5 Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)
	13.6 Modes of Plant Gene Modification
		13.6.1 Classical Breeding (Wild Crossing)
		13.6.2 Mutagenesis
		13.6.3 Gene Technology
			13.6.3.1 Genetic Modification
			13.6.3.2 Transformation Techniques
				Indirect Gene Transfer
					Virus-Based Techniques
					Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transformation
				Direct Gene Transfer
					Biolistic Approaches
					Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
				Other Transformation Methods
	13.7 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Mono and Dicotyledonous Plants
		13.7.1 Generation of Transgenic Wheat Plants
		13.7.2 Generation of Transgenic Barley Plants
		13.7.3 Stable Root Transformation System for the Functional Study of Proteins in Barley
		13.7.4 Carrot Cell Culture and Transformation Procedures
		13.7.5 Uses of Transgenes to Increase Host Plant Resistance to Plant Pathogens
		13.7.6 Transgenic Carrot: Potential Source of Edible Vaccines
	13.8 RNA Interference (RNAi) Technology
		13.8.1 MicroRNA (miRNA)
		13.8.2 Generation of Hypoallergenic Carrot by Means RNAi
	13.9 Precise Genome Editing Tools
		13.9.1 Genome Manipulation Using the DNA Repair System
		13.9.2 Zinc Finger Nuclease
		13.9.3 Meganucleases
		13.9.4 Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE): A Precision Tool for DNA Editing
		13.9.5 CRISPR-Cas9 System for Gene Knockout
		13.9.6 Structure and Functional Mechanism of Cas9 Nuclease
	13.10 CRISPR/Cas9 for Plant Genome Editing
	13.11 Selectable Marker Genes
	13.12 Reporter Genes
		13.12.1 β-Glucuronidase (GUS)
			13.12.1.1 Procedures for Assay of GUS Gene Expression Histochemical Assay
			13.12.1.2 Fluorometric Assay
		13.12.2 Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
			13.12.2.1 Variants of GFP
	13.13 Antibiotics Resistance Genes
	13.14 Elimination of Marker Genes
		13.14.1 Cre-lox Recombination-Based Systems
		13.14.2 Ac/Ds System
		13.14.3 Double Cassette System
	13.15 Concluding Remarks
	References
14: Summary of Some Physiological Aspects in the Development of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
Index