Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design: An Introduction for Engineers and Architects

Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright page......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Why Nanomaterials?......Page 10
Scale, Structure, and Behavior......Page 20
Further Reading......Page 24
A Brief History of Materials......Page 26
Nanomaterials and Nanostructures in Nature......Page 32
Examples Found in Art......Page 38
Conservation......Page 41
Nanomaterials in Art and Cultural Heritage......Page 47
Materials in Design......Page 49
Design Focus......Page 55
Products......Page 57
Characterizing Products: A Broad Perspective......Page 58
Value......Page 60
General Product Complexity and Performance......Page 61
The Design and Development Context......Page 63
Building Types......Page 66
Environments......Page 67
Systems and Assemblies......Page 69
Unitary and Modular Design Approaches to Systems and Assemblies......Page 75
The Overall Development Process......Page 78
Structured Design Processes in Relation to Materials......Page 82
Unstructured Design Processes......Page 84
A Design Vignette......Page 86
Further Reading......Page 93
Ceramic Materials......Page 95
Biomaterials......Page 96
Atomic Structure......Page 97
Atomic Bonding......Page 100
Crystal Structure......Page 103
Molecular Structure......Page 106
Defects......Page 107
Modes of loading......Page 111
Stress......Page 112
Stress-strain curves and moduli......Page 113
Hardness......Page 115
Perfection: The ideal strength......Page 117
Crystalline imperfection: Dislocations and plasticity......Page 118
Why does a stress make a dislocation move?......Page 119
Strengthening mechanisms......Page 120
Intrinsic Thermal Properties......Page 121
Thermal expansion......Page 123
Thermal conductivity......Page 124
Electrical Behavior......Page 125
Resistivity and Conductivity......Page 126
Dielectric Behavior......Page 127
Electrical conductivity......Page 130
Electrical resistance......Page 132
Dielectric behavior......Page 133
Dielectric breakdown......Page 134
Magnetic Fields in a Vacuum......Page 135
Measuring Magnetic Properties......Page 136
Ferromagnetic atoms......Page 138
Domains......Page 139
Optical Behavior......Page 140
The Interaction of Materials and Radiation......Page 141
Refraction......Page 142
The Physics of Optical Properties......Page 144
Why aren’t metals transparent?......Page 145
How does light get through dielectrics?......Page 146
Color......Page 147
Fluorescence, phosphorescence, and electroluminescence......Page 148
Sound Management......Page 149
Sound Wave Impedance and Radiation of Sound Energy......Page 151
Mechanical Properties......Page 152
Acoustic Behavior......Page 153
The Modulus Bar Chart and the Modulus–Density Bubble Chart......Page 155
The Modulus–Relative Cost Chart......Page 157
The Strength–Density Chart......Page 158
Thermal Expansion, α, and Thermal Conductivity, λ......Page 159
Feel: Tactile Attributes......Page 160
Using Charts to Select Translation, Screening, Ranking, and Documentation......Page 162
Translation......Page 163
Documentation......Page 165
Screening: Constraints on Charts......Page 166
Ranking: Indices on Charts......Page 167
Computer-Aided Selection......Page 168
Resolving Conflicting Objectives......Page 170
The Method of Weight Factors......Page 171
Systematic Methods: Penalty Functions and Exchange Constants......Page 172
Tradeoff Strategies......Page 173
Penalty Functions......Page 174
Values for the Exchange Constants, α......Page 175
Further Reading......Page 178
Classification of Nanomaterials......Page 185
Surface-to-Volume Ratio Versus Shape......Page 190
Magic Numbers......Page 195
Surface Curvature......Page 198
Quantum Effects......Page 202
Further Reading......Page 205
Scale and Properties......Page 206
Scale Dependence of Material Properties......Page 207
Nanodispersions......Page 208
Nanocrystalline solids......Page 209
Nanolaminates......Page 213
Amorphous materials......Page 214
Melting Point......Page 218
Thermal Transport......Page 221
Electrical Properties......Page 225
Magnetic Properties......Page 229
Optical Properties......Page 234
Acoustic Properties......Page 239
Carbon Nanotubes......Page 240
Nanocomposites......Page 246
Electronic Properties......Page 261
Nanocomposites......Page 262
Inert-gas condensation......Page 263
Sonochemical processing......Page 264
Molecular self-assembly......Page 265
Methods for Making  1-D and 2-D Nanomaterials......Page 266
Foil beating......Page 267
Physical vapor deposition (PVD)......Page 268
Methods for Making 3-D Nanomaterials......Page 269
Rapid solidification......Page 270
Micromachining......Page 272
Methods for Nanoprofiling......Page 273
Micromachining......Page 274
Photolithography......Page 275
Characterization of Nanomaterials......Page 277
Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials and Structures......Page 295
Characterization of Nanomaterials......Page 296
Environments and Systems......Page 297
Structural and Mechanical Environments......Page 299
Nano-Based Structural/Mechanical Applications......Page 302
Polymer-matrix nanocomposites......Page 303
Ceramic-matrix nanocomposites......Page 305
Amorphous materials......Page 306
Tribological applications......Page 307
Nanomaterials and concrete......Page 308
Damage monitoring and responsive structures......Page 312
The Thermal Environment......Page 313
Basic Heat Transfer......Page 314
Thermal Environments in Products......Page 315
Thermal Environments in Spaces......Page 318
Manipulating properties: Insulating and conductive materials......Page 323
Thermal buffers: Phase-change materials......Page 328
Heat-transfer devices: Heat exchangers and heat pipes......Page 329
Heating and cooling devices......Page 331
General Trends......Page 334
Impacts......Page 337
Light and Optical Environments......Page 340
Fundamentals of Light......Page 342
Color......Page 345
Visual Perception......Page 346
Luminous Environments......Page 348
Applications of Nanomaterials......Page 350
Nano-Related Phenomena......Page 351
Light Control Films, Coatings, and Sheets......Page 353
Antireflection, Transmission, and Contrast Enhancement......Page 354
Dichroics......Page 356
Polarizing Films and Glasses......Page 357
Chromics......Page 358
Nanophosphors in Lighting......Page 361
Solid-State Lighting: Quantum Dots and QLEDs......Page 363
Displays, Screens, and Electronic Papers......Page 366
Other Nano-Based Technologies......Page 369
Sound and Acoustical Environments......Page 370
Fundamental Characteristics of Sound Environments......Page 371
General Noise-Control Approaches......Page 373
Space Acoustics......Page 375
Manipulating Properties......Page 378
Acoustical Damping and Isolation......Page 380
Sound Sources......Page 382
Musical Instruments......Page 383
Other Applications......Page 384
Enabling Environments and Systems: Energy......Page 385
Responsive Environments......Page 395
Characterizing Interactive, Smart, and Intelligent Environments......Page 398
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Applications......Page 401
Nanomaterials Costs......Page 402
Types......Page 403
Environments and Systems......Page 407
Characterizing Forms and Functions......Page 409
Functional Characteristics......Page 412
Fundamental Approaches for Cleaning and Antimicrobial Actions......Page 413
Self-cleaning and easy-cleaning glasses and tiles......Page 418
Self-cleaning paints, textiles, and other materials......Page 420
Self-cleaning and antipollutant concrete......Page 422
Easy-cleaning materials......Page 424
Antimicrobial materials......Page 425
Self-Healing Materials......Page 429
“Smart” Behaviors......Page 433
Shape changing......Page 435
Varying electrical, magnetic, and other properties......Page 436
Nanoproduct Forms......Page 437
Nanocoatings......Page 439
Multilayers and Nanofilms......Page 442
Nanopaints......Page 444
Nanosealants......Page 447
Nanoadhesives......Page 449
Nanoporous Materials......Page 452
Textiles in design......Page 456
Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in textiles......Page 459
Strength......Page 461
Fire retardancy......Page 462
Photovoltaic textiles......Page 463
Bioclothing......Page 464
Nanocosmetics......Page 465
Further Reading......Page 471
The Context......Page 472
Medical and Pharmaceutical NANOTECHNOLOGY Applications......Page 473
Health Concerns......Page 477
Primary Considerations......Page 480
Effects......Page 481
A Specific Debate......Page 483
Environmental Benefits and Impacts......Page 486
Reducing Environmental Impacts: General Source Reductions......Page 487
General Remediation and Treatment......Page 490
Water Cleaning and Purification......Page 491
Air Cleaning and Purification......Page 496
Special Applications in Air Pollution Reduction......Page 499
Soil Remediation......Page 500
General Environmental Risks......Page 501
Workplace Sources and Exposures......Page 503
Further Reading......Page 504
Industry Perspectives......Page 506
The Automotive Industry......Page 507
Directions......Page 515
Systems......Page 517
Aerospace, Textiles, Sports, and Other Industries......Page 523
A Closing Comment......Page 528
Further Reading......Page 530
A......Page 531
C......Page 532
D......Page 533
E......Page 534
F......Page 535
H......Page 536
L......Page 537
M......Page 538
O......Page 539
P......Page 540
S......Page 541
T......Page 543
Z......Page 544