Planning in the USA: Policies, Issues and Processes

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Plates......Page 15
Figures......Page 17
Boxes......Page 18
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgments......Page 23
Acronyms and abbreviations......Page 24
Introduction......Page 28
Format of the book......Page 30
1 PLANNING AND GOVERNMENT......Page 34
The character of planning......Page 36
Planning theory and rationality......Page 38
The practice of planning......Page 39
Sectoral and comprehensive planning......Page 41
Interest groups......Page 42
Local interest groups......Page 43
Advocacy planning......Page 44
Planning vs implementation......Page 47
Incrementalism......Page 48
Local vs central control......Page 50
Underlying attitudes to land and property......Page 51
Private and public planning processes......Page 52
The elements of the planning process......Page 54
Citizen participation......Page 55
 Geographic information systems......Page 59
Further reading......Page 60
Questions to discuss......Page 62
A culture of mobility......Page 64
Three centuries of urban growth......Page 65
Town development......Page 67
Transportation for commuters......Page 68
Housing......Page 70
Highways......Page 72
Decentralization......Page 73
Current trends......Page 78
The role of government in urbanization......Page 81
Further reading......Page 82
Questions to discuss......Page 83
Basic needs for government......Page 84
The growth of public powers......Page 86
Machine politics......Page 87
The reform movement......Page 88
Parks......Page 89
The City Beautiful......Page 90
Municipal reform......Page 92
Reform and the planning function......Page 94
The gridiron plan......Page 96
City planning as an exact science......Page 98
Regional planning......Page 100
Questions to discuss......Page 106
2 LAND USE REGULATION......Page 108
The need for property protection......Page 110
Early land use controls......Page 111
 The movement for planning......Page 114
The New York zoning ordinance of 1916......Page 115
The Standard State Zoning Act......Page 117
 The Euclid case......Page 119
Further reading......Page 122
Questions to discuss......Page 123
Planning and zoning......Page 124
Zoning as a local matter......Page 128
The local managers of zoning......Page 129
The constitutional framework......Page 133
The role of the courts......Page 135
Subdivision controls......Page 138
Further reading......Page 139
Questions to discuss......Page 140
The traditional techniques of zoning......Page 142
The single family zone: what is a family?......Page 144
 Group homes......Page 145
The single family house: should there be a minimum size?......Page 146
Large lot zoning: maintaining community character......Page 147
Apartments and mobile homes......Page 148
Variances......Page 150
Spot zoning......Page 153
Downzoning......Page 156
Contract zoning and site plan review......Page 157
Cluster zoning and planned unit development......Page 158
Non-conforming uses......Page 160
Zoning amendments......Page 161
Special district zoning......Page 162
Overlay zones......Page 163
Exclusionary zoning......Page 165
Further reading......Page 166
Questions to discuss......Page 167
Paying for the costs of development......Page 168
Impact fees......Page 171
The rational nexus......Page 172
Existing vs new home owners......Page 174
Linkages......Page 175
Incentive zoning in New York......Page 177
The dangers of bonusing......Page 180
Purposes of bonusing......Page 182
Development agreements......Page 184
In conclusion......Page 185
Further reading......Page 186
Questions to discuss......Page 187
 3 QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 188
Regulating aesthetics......Page 190
Billboards......Page 191
Rural signs......Page 196
Urban signs......Page 198
Architectural design review......Page 199
New urbanism......Page 206
Further reading......Page 207
Questions to discuss......Page 208
Preservation profit......Page 210
The early days of heritage preservation......Page 211
With Heritage So Rich and subsequent legislation......Page 212
The National Register of Historic Places......Page 213
Statewide comprehensive historic preservation planning......Page 215
Highways and historic preservation......Page 217
The National Environmental Policy Act......Page 219
Economics of historic preservation......Page 220
State and local programs......Page 221
Historic preservation and tourism......Page 223
The widening scope of historic preservation......Page 224
Further reading......Page 226
Questions to discuss......Page 227
4 GROWTH MANAGEMENT......Page 228
Attitudes to growth......Page 230
The Ramapo growth control program......Page 232
The Petaluma quota plan......Page 233
Other growth control programs......Page 235
Initiatives in Boulder......Page 236
Safeguarding agricultural land......Page 238
Smart growth......Page 242
Direct democracy devices and growth management......Page 244
Conclusion......Page 245
Further reading......Page 246
Questions to discuss......Page 247
Urban growth problems......Page 248
Hawaii......Page 249
Oregon......Page 251
Vermont......Page 254
Florida......Page 258
California......Page 261
New Jersey......Page 267
Conclusion......Page 270
Further reading......Page 274
Questions to discuss......Page 275
5 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES......Page 276
The centrality of transportation......Page 278
The arithmetic of transportation......Page 279
Telecommuting......Page 280
Suburbanization and transportation......Page 281
Traffic restraint through land use planning......Page 282
Transit-oriented development......Page 283
Traffic calming......Page 288
Increasing the supply of road space......Page 289
‘Downs’ principle of ‘triple convergence’......Page 290
Parking policies......Page 291
TDM programs......Page 292
Congestion charges......Page 293
Congestion charging and equity......Page 296
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 1991......Page 297
Transportation Equity Act for the Twenty-First Century......Page 300
Conclusions and uncertainties......Page 301
Further reading......Page 303
Questions to discuss......Page 304
The complex of housing......Page 306
Housing market theories......Page 307
Low-income housing......Page 309
Housing trust funds......Page 310
Public housing urban  renewal......Page 312
Alternatives to public housing......Page 315
Housing subsidies......Page 317
BookmarkTitle:......Page 321
Affordable housing and growth management......Page 322
Regional housing needs; the case of Mount Laurel......Page 323
The New Jersey Fair Housing Act......Page 325
Housing measures in other states......Page 326
The Federal Fair Housing Act......Page 327
Inclusionary zoning......Page 328
Conclusion......Page 330
Further reading......Page 332
Questions to discuss......Page 333
Changing perspectives......Page 334
The War on Poverty......Page 335
The model cities program......Page 336
The new federalism......Page 337
Community Development Block Grants......Page 338
Carter’s new partnership......Page 339
National agenda for the 1980s: Urban America......Page 341
The Reagan years......Page 343
Economic development policies......Page 344
Enterprise zones......Page 345
Community development......Page 350
Faith-based organizations......Page 354
Additional opportunities......Page 355
Further reading......Page 357
Questions to discuss......Page 358
6 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING......Page 360
Environmental awareness......Page 362
The first Earth Day......Page 364
The Reagan years......Page 366
THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT......Page 367
Environmental control of federal programs......Page 368
Federal organization for NEPA......Page 369
The environmental review process......Page 370
Early clean air policies......Page 375
Pollution and economic development......Page 376
The structure of clean air controls......Page 377
Acid rain......Page 378
Ozone......Page 379
State implementation plans......Page 380
Vehicle emissions......Page 381
The succession of professional approaches......Page 383
Federal water policy......Page 384
BookmarkTitle:......Page 385
Municipal treatment plants......Page 386
Nonpoint pollution......Page 387
Safe drinking water......Page 388
The limits of regulatory approach......Page 389
The nature of waste......Page 390
Love Canal......Page 393
 Sufperfund legislation......Page 394
Liability and compensation......Page 396
Toxic substances and pesticides......Page 399
Nuclear waste......Page 400
Coastal zone management......Page 402
Endangered species......Page 404
Introduction......Page 408
Technocratic policy......Page 410
Values and risks......Page 412
Perceptions of risk......Page 413
Risk and equity......Page 414
The Pollution Prevention Act 1990......Page 417
Economic analysis......Page 419
Economic incentives in environmental regulation......Page 421
The range of economic Instruments......Page 422
Emissions trading......Page 423
The right to know......Page 425
Public participation......Page 426
The progress of environmental policies......Page 428
Further reading (Chapter 15 and 16)......Page 430
Endangered Species and Habitat Conservation Planning......Page 432
Questions to discuss......Page 433
CONCLUSION......Page 434
Determining questions......Page 436
Property rights—‘wise use’......Page 438
Beyond localism......Page 440
Local acceptance of unwanted land uses......Page 442
Unwanted neighbors......Page 443
The role for the states......Page 447
Public participation and public confidence......Page 450
Further reading......Page 452
Questions discuss  to......Page 454
Main cases......Page 456
References......Page 458
Index......Page 488