Placentation in Mammals: Tribute to E.C. Amoroso’s Lifetime Contributions to Viviparity

Contents
Mammalian Placentation: A Tribute to E.C. Amoroso´s Contributions to Placenta Development
	References
The Evolution of Viviparity in Vertebrates
	1 Introduction
	2 Fishes
	3 Amphibians
	4 Reptiles
	5 Mammals
	6 Conclusion
	References
Development of Pre-implantation Mammalian Blastocyst
	1 Introduction
	2 Setting the Stage: Fertilization Awakens the Oocyte and Jumpstarts Embryonic Development
	3 Cleavage, Imprinting Erasure, and Embryonic Genome Activation
	4 Compaction: First Visual Departure
	5 Specification of Inner Cell Mass (ICM) and Trophectoderm: The First Cell Fate Decision
		5.1 Differentially Expressed Transcription Factors Lead to Lineage Specification
		5.2 Hippo Signaling Pathway and Lineage Specification
		5.3 Hippo Signaling as It Relates to Cell Polarity and Cell Position
	6 Blastocyst Maturation and Hatching
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Placentation in Marsupials
	1 Introduction
	2 The Choriovitelline Placenta
	3 Endometrial Changes During Pregnancy
	4 Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, Placental Endocrinology, and the Inflammatory Response
		4.1 Transcriptomics
			Endometrium
			Vascular and Avascular Yolk Sac Transcriptome
	5 Genomic Imprinting and Evolution of Viviparity
	6 Conclusions
	References
The Early Stages of Implantation and Placentation in the Pig
	1 Introduction: Basic Definition for Epitheliochorial Placentation
	2 Uterine Histoarchitecture and Early Conceptus Development
	3 Select Hormones and Cytokines That Prepare the Uterus for Placentation
	4 Attachment of the Conceptus Trophectoderm to the Uterine LE (Implantation)
	5 Folding of the Uterine-Placental Interface to Facilitate Hemotrophic Support of the Fetus
	6 Areolae Provide for Histotrophic Support of the Fetus
	7 Conclusion
	References
Placentation in Equids
	1 Introduction
	2 Early Embryonic Development
	3 The Embryonic Capsule and the Migrating Equine Embryo
	4 The Invasive Component of the Equine Placenta
		4.1 Development of the Chorionic Girdle and Endometrial Cups
		4.2 Endocrinological Signaling: The Endometrial Cups and Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin
		4.3 Immunological Signaling: The Endometrial Cup Reaction
	5 Co-Option of Immune System Molecules by the Equine Placenta
	6 Epigenetic Regulation in the Equine Placenta
	7 Development of the Equine Placenta Proper
	8 Early Pregnancy Loss
	9 Conclusion
	References
Implantation and Placentation in Ruminants
	1 Introduction
	2 Early Conceptus Development
	3 Conceptus Elongation, Apposition, and Establishment of Pregnancy
	4 Conceptus Attachment and Placental Formation
	5 Placentome Development
	6 Trophobast BNC Differentiation and Syncytial Formation
	7 Summary
	References
Canine Endotheliochorial Placenta: Morpho-Functional Aspects
	1 Introduction
	2 Endocrinological Milieu During Implantation and Placentation
	3 Embryo-Maternal Communication Before Implantation and Placentation
	4 Structural Remodeling of the Uterus and Development of an Intimate Embryo-Maternal Interface During Implantation and Placent...
		4.1 Implantation, Initialization of Decidualization, and Formation of Maternal Decidual Cells
		4.2 Development of Fetal Membranes, Trophoblast Invasion, and Placentation
			Macro- and Microscopical Morphology of the Canine Placenta
			Ultrastructural Morphology
		4.3 Utero-Placental Extracellular Matrix During Canine Placentation
	5 Vascularization and Cell-to-Cell Communication
	6 Transplacental Transportation of Maternal Immunoglobulins in the Dog
	7 Canine Placenta: An Important Endocrine Organ During Maintenance and Termination of Pregnancy
		7.1 Decidual Cells and Prepartum Luteolytic Cascade
		7.2 In Vitro Model of Canine Decidualization
	8 Summary and Outlook
	References
Placentation in the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)
	1 Introduction
	2 Anatomy of the Uterus and Ovaries
	3 Hormones of the Estrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy
	4 Gross Development of the Placenta
	5 Histological Development of the Placenta
	6 Involvement of the Fetal Gonads
	7 Postpartum Uterine Involution
	8 Conclusions
	References
Development of the Mouse Placenta
	1 Introduction
	2 The Gist of Preimplantation Embryonic Developmental Stages
	3 A Gist of the Blastocyst Implantation Process
	4 A Gist of Placentation
		4.1 Uterine Decidua Formation for Placentation
		4.2 Ectoplacental Cone (EPC) and Egg Cylinder Formation
		4.3 Junctional Zone (JZ) Formation
		4.4 Labyrinth and Gastrulation Formation
			Chorion Formation
			Allantois (Al) and Yolk Sac
	5 Conclusion
	References
Placentation in the Human and Higher Primates
	1 Introduction
	2 Origin of the Trophoblast Lineage
	3 Implantation
	4 The Lacunar Stage of Placental Development
	5 Early Villus Development
	6 The Cytotrophoblastic Shell
	7 Placental Development During the First Trimester
	8 Histotrophic Nutrition
	9 The Amnion
	10 Formation and Role of the Yolk Sac
	11 The Extravillous Trophoblast
	12 Remodeling of the Spiral Arteries
	13 The Formation of the Definitive Placenta
	14 Growth of the Definitive Placenta
	15 Placental Senescence
	16 Comparison with Other Primates
	17 Conclusions
	References