Piracy and the State: The Politics of Intellectual Property Rights in China

0521897319......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Tables......Page 8
List of Figures and GIS Maps......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 13
List of Abbreviations......Page 17
PART I  INTRODUCTION......Page 21
1 Intellectual Property and the State......Page 23
STATE STRENGTH AND ENFORCEMENT CAPACITY......Page 25
RATIONALIZED ENFORCEMENT: DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT......Page 29
Measuring Consistency, Transparency, and Procedural Fairness......Page 30
Kinds of Enforcement and Rationalization......Page 32
Why IPR?......Page 35
Why China?......Page 36
Why Compare China with Other Countries?......Page 38
Culture......Page 40
Interbureaucratic Competition and the Protection of Foreign IPR in China......Page 42
Detailed Synopsis......Page 44
Theoretical Findings......Page 46
APPENDIX: SOURCES AND METHODS......Page 49
2 Regulating the Quality of Enforcement......Page 53
ESTABLISHING ACCOUNTABLE ENFORCEMENT: MECHANISMS FOR CURBING OFFICIAL DISCRETION......Page 56
Citizens versus Bureaucrats......Page 57
Letters and Visits......Page 59
The Government versus the Bureaucrats: Strategies of Control......Page 60
Institutions of Horizontal Accountability......Page 61
Other Control Mechanisms......Page 65
DECENTRALIZATION AND ENFORCEMENT......Page 66
Dual Bureaucratic Subordination......Page 67
Centralization and the Quality of Enforcement......Page 69
INTERBUREAUCRATIC COORDINATION: THE PROBLEM OF BUREAUCRATIC RANK......Page 71
THE INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN PRESSURE ON ENFORCEMENT......Page 73
Sanctions......Page 74
Foreign Direct Investment......Page 75
PRESSURE TO ENFORCE: COPYRIGHT FIRMS IN CHINA......Page 79
Lobbying Local Governments......Page 80
PRESSURE FROM THE TRADEMARK INDUSTRY......Page 82
THE INFLUENCE OF DOMESTIC PRESSURE ON ENFORCEMENT......Page 87
CONCLUSION......Page 88
PART II THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE: IPR Enforcement Options......Page 89
3 Customs: Centralization without Rationalization......Page 91
THE VOLUME, EFFECTIVENESS, AND QUALITY OF CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT OF IPR......Page 94
CUSTOMS PROTECTION OF IPR: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 95
THE ORGANIZATION OF CHINESE CUSTOMS......Page 96
CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT OPTIONS......Page 98
THE PATTERN OF CUSTOMS SEIZURES IN CHINA......Page 99
REGIONAL VARIATION IN CUSTOMS IPR PROTECTION ACTIVITY......Page 101
IS CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT DETERRENT?......Page 102
IS CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT RATIONALIZED?......Page 103
COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON CUSTOMS......Page 104
Russia......Page 105
Taiwan......Page 107
The Czech Republic......Page 109
France......Page 110
The United States......Page 112
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION: CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT AND STATE CAPACITY......Page 113
4 Courts: The Emergence of Rationalization......Page 115
BACKGROUND: COURTS AND THE ABSENCE OF RULE OF LAW IN CHINA......Page 116
The Chinese Court System......Page 117
General Trends in Litigation and Legal Professionalism in China......Page 118
Major Weaknesses of the Chinese Judicial System......Page 120
A BRIGHT LIGHT: THE SPECIALIZED IPR TRIBUNALS......Page 121
Caseload of the IPR Tribunals......Page 123
Increased Caseload of the IPR Tribunals......Page 125
Transparency: Open Trials and Published Court Decisions......Page 126
Procedural Fairness......Page 127
COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON COURTS......Page 128
Russia......Page 129
Taiwan......Page 131
The United States......Page 133
CONCLUSION......Page 134
5 Administrative Enforcement: The Complex State......Page 135
ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT OPTIONS IN CHINA......Page 136
PATENT ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT......Page 137
TRADEMARK ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT......Page 138
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine......Page 139
The Ministry of Health and the State Food and Drug Administration......Page 140
The State Tobacco Monopoly Administration......Page 143
The Ministry of Agriculture......Page 144
COPYRIGHT ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT......Page 146
The General Administration of Press and Publications and the National Copyright Administration of China......Page 147
The Ministry of Culture......Page 148
Office of the National Anti-Pornography and Anti-Piracy Working Committee (NAPWC)......Page 149
Russia......Page 150
Trademark Protection......Page 151
Taiwan......Page 155
The Czech Republic......Page 160
France......Page 162
The United States......Page 163
CONCLUSION......Page 164
6 Criminal Enforcement: The Failure of Coordination......Page 166
CRIMINAL IPR ENFORCEMENT IN CHINA......Page 167
IPR Criminal Liability Statutory Basis......Page 168
IPR Criminal Liability Thresholds......Page 170
Case-Transfer Rules......Page 171
Self-Initiated Police Cases......Page 174
Regional Variation in Police Enforcement......Page 176
Private Prosecution Cases (Zisu Anjian)......Page 178
The Courts......Page 179
Is Criminal Enforcement Rationalized?......Page 182
Deterrence: A Comparative Perspective......Page 184
Russia......Page 185
Patterns of Case Transfer......Page 187
The National Police Administration......Page 188
Agency Overlap......Page 190
Criminal Court Activity and Incarceration Rates......Page 191
The Czech Republic......Page 193
The French Police......Page 196
The French Courts......Page 198
The United States......Page 199
CONCLUSION......Page 200
PART III THE STATE IN ACTION: The Politics of IPR Enforcement in China......Page 203
7 Trademarks: Capricious Enforcement......Page 205
Trademark Administrative and Court Enforcement in China......Page 208
Regional Variation in Trademark Enforcement......Page 210
CASE STUDY ONE: CIGARETTE ANTICOUNTERFEITING ACTIVITIES IN CHINA......Page 213
Background: Economic Impact of the Tobacco Industry in China......Page 214
The Economics of Cigarette Counterfeiting......Page 216
The Modalities of Cigarette Anticounterfeiting Enforcement: The Data Problem......Page 217
Agencies Involved in Cigarette Anticounterfeiting Work......Page 219
The State Tobacco Monopoly Administration......Page 220
Police Forces......Page 224
The Technical Supervision Bureau and the Administration for Industry and Commerce......Page 225
Other Agencies with Episodic Involvement in Cigarette Anticounterfeiting......Page 226
Patterns of Interagency Cooperation......Page 227
Canceled Raids......Page 229
No-Seizure Raids......Page 230
Case-Handling Fees (Ban’an fei) and Bribes (Hongbao)......Page 231
Local Protectionism......Page 232
The Quality of Cigarette Anticounterfeiting Enforcement in China......Page 233
Background Information on the Russian Tobacco Industry......Page 235
Agency Participation in Raids against Cigarette Counterfeiters......Page 236
CONCLUSION......Page 238
8 Copyrights: Beyond Campaign-Style Enforcement......Page 241
ENFORCEMENT AND PIRACY......Page 242
HIGH-VOLUME ENFORCEMENT VERSUS RATIONALIZED ENFORCEMENT......Page 246
THE ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY CAMPAIGN: ENFORCEMENT OF A HIGH-PRIORITY POLICY......Page 247
WHO ENFORCES? FINDINGS FROM THE CHINA COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT DATASET......Page 250
Agency Participation in Enforcement......Page 251
Data Limitations......Page 252
Is Campaign-Style Enforcement Rationalized?......Page 253
COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT IN RESPONSE TO COMPLAINTS: BUREAUCRATIC DEFLECTION IN A LOW-PRIORITY AREA......Page 254
QUASI-JUDICIAL COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT......Page 256
Fairness of Quasi-Judicial Copyright Enforcement......Page 260
POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES CREATED BY THE CURRENT COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM: AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR COURT ENFORCEMENT......Page 261
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS: COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT IN RUSSIA......Page 264
Geographical Variation in Enforcement......Page 265
Who Enforces?......Page 266
CONCLUSION......Page 267
9 Patents: Creating Rationalized Enforcement......Page 269
Patents in China: A Historical Overview......Page 270
Patent Activity in China after 1985......Page 271
Patent Protection in China......Page 272
The State Intellectual Property Office......Page 273
Is Administrative Patent Enforcement Rationalized?......Page 275
CASE STUDY: VIAGRA ANTICOUNTERFEITING ACTIVITY......Page 282
Geographical Distribution of Enforcement......Page 284
Patterns of Interagency Cooperation......Page 285
CONCLUSION: BUREAUCRATIC RATIONALIZATION IN PATENT ENFORCEMENT IN CHINA......Page 286
PART IV CONCLUSION......Page 289
10 State Capacity and IPR......Page 291
FINDINGS......Page 292
Casting a Wider Net: Jurisdictional Overlap beyond IPR......Page 296
State Capacity and Crisis......Page 298
Accountability: Citizens versus the State......Page 299
A FINAL REFLECTION: IS CHINA MOVING TOWARD THE RULE OF LAW?......Page 300
Thin and Thick Conceptions of the Rule of Law......Page 301
Patchy Rule of Law......Page 302
Courts and the Rule of Law......Page 303
Glossary of Selected Chinese Terms......Page 305
Index......Page 311