Copyright, freedom of speech, and cultural policy in the Russian Federation

Acknowledgments......Page 19
List of Abbreviations......Page 21
General Introduction......Page 29
Part I. Soviet Copyright in the Era of Real Socialism: The Period from 1917 until 1985......Page 33
Introduction......Page 35
Section 1. A Marxist View of Art and Culture......Page 37
Section 2. The Leading Role of the Vanguard Party......Page 38
Section 4. The Assimilation of Bourgeois Culture......Page 39
Section 5. The Priority of Raising the Cultural Level of the (Rural) Populace......Page 41
Introduction......Page 45
1.1. State Ownership......Page 47
1.2. State Enterprises......Page 50
1.4. Planned Management of the Cultural Sector......Page 54
§ 2. The Quasi-Public Cultural Sector......Page 56
§ 3. Room for Private Initiative in the Cultural Sector?......Page 58
Subsection 1. Human Rights in Communist Theory and Practice......Page 63
§ 1. Some Cultural-Historical Remarks......Page 68
2.1. The Constitutional Principle......Page 73
2.2.2. Preventive Measures......Page 75
2.2.3. Criminal Repressive Measures......Page 78
3.1. Introduction......Page 80
3.2.1. The Principle......Page 81
3.2.2. The Relationship with Copyright......Page 83
3.3. The Right to Cultural Consumption......Page 84
Subsection 3. The Freedom of Association......Page 85
Subsection 4. Conclusion......Page 89
Section 3. Conclusion Concerning Communist Cultural Policy......Page 90
§ 1. The Period to 1887......Page 93
§ 2. 1887–1917......Page 96
§ 1. 1917–1922......Page 99
§ 2. 1922–1928......Page 102
§ 3. 1928–1960......Page 105
§ 4. 1961–1973......Page 106
§ 5. 1973–1985......Page 109
Section 3. Conclusion......Page 118
Introduction......Page 121
§ 1. Two Definitions of the Word “Publication”......Page 122
§ 2. Two Forms of Contract and the Simultaneous Transferability and Non-Transferability of Rights......Page 124
Section 2. The UCC as a Trojan Horse......Page 128
Section 3. The UCC as a Pandora's Box......Page 131
Section 4. Conclusion......Page 137
Part II. System Transformation in the Period 1985–2000......Page 139
Introduction......Page 141
Section 1. Key Concepts in Gorbachev's Reform Policy......Page 143
§ 1. The Fall of the Communist Party......Page 146
§ 2. The Fall of the Soviet Union......Page 152
Section 1. Gorbachev......Page 159
Section 2. El'tsin......Page 164
Introduction......Page 169
§ 1. The Formal Rule of Law......Page 170
Section 2. The Implementation of the Idea of the Rule of Law in the Russian Federation......Page 173
Section 3. Critical Considerations: Civil Society and Legal Consciousness......Page 179
§ 1. The Rule of Law and Civil Society......Page 180
§ 2. The Rule of Law and Legal Consciousness......Page 183
Section 4. Conclusion......Page 186
Section 1. The Reversal......Page 189
§ 1. General Remarks......Page 192
2.2. Formal Comparison with Constitution 1977/1978......Page 194
2.3. Comparison with Constitution 1977/1978 with Respect to Contents......Page 195
§ 3. The Restrictions upon Human Rights......Page 198
§ 4. Reference to International Human Rights Treaties......Page 200
5.1. The Judicial Protection of Human Rights......Page 202
5.1.2. The Ordinary Courts of Law......Page 203
5.1.3. International Courts of Law......Page 205
5.2.1. The President of the RF's Committee for Human Rights......Page 206
5.2.2. The Commissioner for Human Rights......Page 207
Section 3. Some Critical Marginal Notes......Page 208
§ 1. The Sedes Materiae......Page 211
2.1. The Constitution......Page 214
2.2.1. General Remarks......Page 215
2.2.2. Right to Acquire and Disseminate Information......Page 216
2.2.3. The Right to Establish News Media......Page 218
3.1. The Constitutional Framework......Page 219
3.2.1. The Prohibition of Censorship......Page 220
3.2.2. Other Preventive Measures......Page 224
3.3.1. General Remarks......Page 227
3.3.2. The Criminal Restrictions upon the Freedom of Speech......Page 229
3.3.2. Restrictions upon the Freedom of Speech through Tort Law......Page 239
§ 4. The President as Guarantor of the Freedom of Information......Page 242
§ 1. The Right to Create......Page 247
§ 2. The Relationship between Freedom of Artistic Creation and Freedom of Speech......Page 253
3.1. Preventive Measures......Page 254
4.1. A Defensive Right and Legitimation of State Intervention......Page 261
4.2. Freedom of Association......Page 265
4.3. Copyright......Page 267
§ 5. The Right to Cultural Consumption and Cultural Preservation......Page 268
Conclusion......Page 272
§ 1. The Law on State Enterprises of 30 June 1987......Page 275
§ 2. Experiments with Autonomy in the Cultural Sector......Page 276
§ 1. The Law of 19 November 1986 on Individual Labor Activity......Page 279
§ 2. The Law on Cooperatives of 26 May 1988......Page 280
Section 1. The Modernization of Civil Law......Page 283
§ 1. Acknowledgement of the Principle of Private Ownership......Page 285
§ 2. The Ordering of Property......Page 286
§ 1. The Freedom of Entrepreneurship......Page 292
2.1. Domestic Trade......Page 296
2.2. Foreign Trade......Page 297
Section 4. The Struggle against Monopolies and Unfair Competition......Page 299
Section 5. Privatization Legislation......Page 303
Conclusion......Page 309
Section 1. Changing the Government Organization......Page 311
Section 2. Changing the Role of Governmental Bodies......Page 319
Section 3. Some Final Remarks......Page 320
Section 1. The Legal Instruments for Government Intervention......Page 323
Section 2. Public Cultural Expenditure: Amount and Structure......Page 327
Section 1. Support of Creative Artists......Page 331
§ 1. Intersectoral Measures......Page 334
2.1. The Written Press and the Publishing Industry......Page 336
2.2. Film......Page 343
2.3. The Stage Arts and the Music Industry......Page 349
2.4. The Visual Arts......Page 351
2.5. Craft Manufacture......Page 353
Conclusion......Page 354
Part III. A Copernican Revolution in Copyright Law?......Page 357
Introduction: The Task for the Russian Legislator......Page 359
§ 1. WIPO......Page 361
§ 2. GATT/WTO......Page 363
§ 3. The Council of Europe......Page 365
§ 1. Russia–European Union......Page 367
§ 2. Russia–USA......Page 377
§ 3. Other Bilateral Treaties......Page 380
Conclusion......Page 383
Introduction......Page 385
1.3. New Rates for the Remuneration of Authors......Page 386
1.4. The Copyright Symbol and the Transfer of Rights Abroad......Page 387
1.5. The Fate of the Authors' Agency VAAP and Its Successors......Page 388
1.6. Media Legislation......Page 393
§ 2. The USSR's External Relations Concerning Copyright......Page 394
1.1. Creation and Coming into Effect......Page 397
1.2. Discussion......Page 400
§ 2. The Computer Law (1992) and the Copyright Law (1993)......Page 409
§ 3. Specific Legislation and Executive Decrees......Page 413
§ 5. The New Civil Code and Copyright......Page 416
Introduction......Page 421
§ 1. General Description......Page 422
§ 2. Examples of Subject Matter......Page 425
§ 3. Exclusions from Copyright......Page 427
§ 1. The Principle of Authorship......Page 429
§ 2. Employees......Page 431
§ 3. Audiovisual Works......Page 434
§ 4. Composite Works......Page 439
Introduction......Page 441
1.1. The Right of Paternity......Page 442
1.2. The Right of Disclosure......Page 443
1.3. The Right of Withdrawal......Page 445
1.4. The Right to Protection of the Author's Reputation......Page 447
2.2.1. “Corporeal” Use......Page 448
2.2.2. Incorporeal Use......Page 453
2.3. Remuneration Rights......Page 454
§ 1. Use for Personal Purposes......Page 457
§ 3. Use for Scientific/Academic, Educational, Religious, Legal, and Social Purposes......Page 460
§ 4. Use for Current Reporting......Page 462
§ 5. Use for the Effectuating of Acquired Rights of Use......Page 463
§ 1. The General Term......Page 464
§ 2. Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works......Page 465
§ 4. Works by Rehabilitated Authors......Page 466
§ 5. Extension Due to Circumstances of War......Page 469
§ 6. Period of Protection of Moral Rights......Page 470
§ 7. A Paying Public Domain......Page 471
Section 1. Types of Authors' Contracts......Page 473
Section 2. The Contracting Parties......Page 474
§ 1. Rules of Interpretation......Page 475
§ 2. Obligatory Contents......Page 476
§ 3. Future Works and Methods of Exploitation......Page 481
§ 4. Other Protective Measures......Page 482
Section 4. Contractual Liability......Page 483
§ 1. Definition......Page 485
§ 2. The Rights of the Performing Artist......Page 486
§ 2. The Rights of the Phonogram Producer......Page 491
§ 2. The Rights of the Broadcasting Organizations and the Cable Companies......Page 494
Section 5. Exceptions to Neighboring Rights......Page 495
Section 6. The Term of Protection......Page 497
Section 1. The Legal Provisions Concerning Collecting Societies......Page 499
Section 2. The Collecting Societies in Russia......Page 505
§ 1. Copyright......Page 509
§ 2. Neighboring Rights......Page 510
§ 1. General......Page 511
§ 2. The UCC......Page 512
§ 3. The Moscow Agreement......Page 513
§ 4. The Berne Convention......Page 516
§ 6. Bilateral Agreements......Page 522
Section 1. Civil Liability......Page 527
Section 2. Criminal Liability......Page 533
Section 3. Administrative Law Liability......Page 536
Section 4. Customs Law......Page 540
5.1. Piracy......Page 541
5.2. Reasons for Piracy......Page 544
Section 1. Situating the Problem......Page 553
Section 2. Scholarly Opinion on the Retroactivity of the Copyright Law......Page 554
Section 3. A Systematic and Legal-Teleological Interpretation......Page 556
Section 4. Concrete Cases of Application......Page 560
Section 5. Concluding Remarks......Page 562
Conclusion of Title II......Page 563
Part IV. Nature and Function of Communist and Postcommunist Copyright......Page 565
§ 1. Privilege or Subjective Right?......Page 567
§ 2. Only a Subjective Right to Ideologically Sound Works?......Page 568
§ 3. The Abuse of Authors' Subjective Rights......Page 570
§ 1. Copyright and Civil Law......Page 574
§ 2. Copyright Law and Administrative Law......Page 577
§ 1. Copyright as a Right to Intellectual Property?......Page 579
§ 2. Copyright as an Exclusive Right?......Page 581
§ 3. From Ideological Disgust to Fad......Page 582
§ 4. The Legislation and Jurisprudence......Page 584
§ 5. Legal Theory......Page 586
Section 4. Is Copyright a Personal Right?......Page 593
1.1. Soviet Law......Page 594
1.2. Russian Law......Page 596
2.0. Introduction......Page 600
2.1. The Criterion of Protection......Page 601
2.2. Original Ownership of Copyright Vested in Natural Persons Only......Page 607
2.3. The Mutual Relations of Patrimonial and Non-Patrimonial Rights......Page 616
2.4.1.1. The Soviet Period......Page 621
2.4.1.2. The Post-Soviet Period......Page 625
2.4.2. Moral Rights......Page 631
2.4.3. Conclusion......Page 632
2.5.1. The Term of Protection for Moral Rights......Page 633
2.5.2. The Nature of the Heirs' Powers......Page 635
2.5.3. The Extent of the Heirs' Rights......Page 637
2.5.4. German Monism versus French Dualism......Page 639
Section 5. Conclusion......Page 640
1.1. The Author and the Freedom of Enterprise......Page 643
1.2. The Author and the Freedom of Art......Page 644
§ 2. The Exploiter's Legal Position......Page 647
§ 3. The End User's Legal Position......Page 649
§ 1. General......Page 650
2.1. Socialist Copyright......Page 651
2.2.1. General Remarks......Page 656
2.2.2. The System Transformation and Contract Law......Page 657
2.2.3. The System Transformation and the Author's Remuneration......Page 662
3.1. General......Page 664
3.2. On the Level of Principles......Page 665
3.3. On the Level of Exceptions to Copyright......Page 667
§ 4. Conclusion......Page 672
§ 1. In Socialist Copyright Law......Page 674
2.2. Copyright and Freedom of Artistic Creation......Page 679
2.3. Copyright and Openness and Fairness of Competition......Page 680
2.4. The Rehabilitation of Post-Communist Copyright......Page 683
Soviet Copyright......Page 685
The System Transformation......Page 687
The System Transformation and Russian Copyright......Page 689
A. Works in Russian......Page 693
B. Works in Western Languages......Page 704
About the Author......Page 729
Index......Page 731