Physics of the Atmosphere, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring. Modern Problems of Atmospheric Physics, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring

Contents
Results of 65-Years Project of Hail Suppression in Russian Federation
	1 Introduction
	2 The Main Provisions of the Automated Rocket Technology of HS
		2.1 Conceptual Models of Hailstorms
		2.2 Physical Principle of Hail Suppression
		2.3 Seeding Objects (SO)
		2.4 SO Categories
		2.5 Seeding Schemes
		2.6 Seeding Place
		2.7 Seeding Height
		2.8 Time of Seeding
		2.9 Dosage of the Seeding Agent
	3 Organization of Anti-Hail Protection
	4 Project Evaluation
	5 Prospects for Improvement
	6 Conclusion
	References
Lightning Protection and Attack by Ground Lightning in the Territory of the Northern Caucasus
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Vibrational Regimes in the Atmosphere
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods of Research
		2.1 Basic Equations
		2.2 Basic Parameters of Atmosphere
	3 Research Results and Discussions
		3.1 Beats
		3.2 Resonance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Long-Term Variations of Meteorological Parameters According to the Data of High-Altitude Weather Stations of the Central Caucasus
	1 Introduction
	2 Observational Data and Results
	3 Conclusions
	References
Adaptation of Tourist and Recreational Zones of Mountain Territories to Climate Change: Tasks and Methods for Their Solution
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Material and Research Methods
	3 Goals and Objectives of Adaptation of Various Fields of Activity to Climate Change
	4 Tasks of Adaptation of the Tourist and Recreational Sphere to Climate Change
	5 Analysis of Methods for Solving the Problems of Adaptation of Tourist and Recreational Zones to Climate Change
	6 Setting the Task of Reducing Risks in Tourist and Recreational Zones of Mountainous Areas Associated with Climate Change
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Current State of Convective Cloud Physics and Active Effects and the Main Directions of Its Development
	1 Introduction
	2 The Current State of Convective Cloud Physics (Literature Review)
	3 Research Results
		3.1 The Main Trends of Cloud Physics and Active Influences on Clouds
		3.2 Results of Studies of the Role of System Properties of Convective Clouds in the Formation of Their Macro- and Microstructural Characteristics
	4 Conclusions
	References
On the Solution of the Problem of Formation and Approval of Target Indicators of Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Formulating the Tasks of Adapting the Regional Agricultural Sector to Climate Change
	4 Methods for Solving the Problems of Forming a Plan for Adapting the Agro-Industrialcomplex to Climate Change
	5 Methods and Results of Solving the Problem of Formation and Coordination of Target Indicators for the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex on the Adaptation Interval
	6 Results
	7 Conclusions
	References
Formation of Migration Flows Under Conditions of Global Climate Change
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 The Impact of Climate Change on Demographic Processes
	4 The Mechanisms of the Influence of Climate Change on Migration Processes
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Modern Climate of Pyatigorsk Resort
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Analysis and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Applying Recurrent Neural Networks for Short-Term Surface Temperature Forecasts Making
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Network Architecture
		2.3 Algorithm Description
		2.4 Environment
	3 Experiment Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Humidity of the Surface Air Layer as the Main Factor of the Formation of the Basic Climate Forming Elements
	1 Introduction
	2 Features of the Temperature Regime of the Territory of Abkhazia
	3 The Main Characteristics of the Humidity of the Surface Layer of Air in the Territory of Abkhazia
	4 The Main Characteristics of the Humidity of the Surface Air Layer in the Caucasus
	5 Precipitation in the Caucasus
	6 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of the Effect of the Sensitivity Value on the Results of Studies of Rapid Atmospheric Processes in Multifrequency Microwave Radiometric Sounding of the Atmosphere
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Analysis and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Gabor Filter Application in Satellite Analysis of “Invisible” Orographic Waves
	1 Introduction
	2 Results and Discussion
	3 Conclusions
	References
On the Transfer of Heavy Particles by Intense Winds
	1 Introduction
	2 The One-Dimensional Problem of the Acceleration of a Massive Particle Under a Sharp Gust of Wind
	3 Case of Uniformly Accelerated Flow
	4 An Example with Flow Intensification According to a Power Law
	5 Accounting for the Influence of the Vertical Motion of a Particle on the Resistance Coefficient
	6 Conclusion
	References
Precipitation Measurement by Radar and Ground Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Research Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Ground Radar Method for Measuring Precipitation Under Complex Relief Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Research Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Radar Methods for Determination of Hail Microstructure
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Results
	3 Conclusions
	References
Measuring Precipitation Fields Using Radar and Rain Gaugers
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Sochi Airport Thunderstorm Forecast
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Results
	3 Conclusion
	References
The Maximum Hail Size Assessment Regression Model by Predictive Fields of Meteorological Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods of Research
	3 Calculation Results and Their Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Snow Cover and Snowstorms Regime on the Stavropol Upland
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Analysis and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigations of the Formation of the Ice Phase on the Particles of the Reagent and Zinc Oxide Taking into Account the Influence of the Electric Field Strength
	1 Introduction
	2 Method of Influence of Electric Field Strength on Ice-Forming Efficiency of Reagents and Zinc Oxide in Laboratory Conditions
		2.1 Laboratory Experiments to Study the Effect of Electric Field Strength on the Ice-Forming Efficiency of the Pyrocomposition AD-1
		2.2 The Experiments to Study the Effect of Electric Field Strength on the Ice-Forming Efficiency of Zinc Oxide
	3 Conclusions
	References
Comparison of the Results of Approximation of the Vertical Profiles of the Refractive Index in the Atmosphere Over St. Petersburg and Moscow
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of the Influence of the Interaction of Convective Clouds With the Surrounding Atmosphere on the Evolution of Their Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 The Results of Calculations
	3 Conclusions
	References
On the Relationship Between Critical Wind Velocity and Wind Direction and the Size Distribution of Dust Microparticles
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Sources
	3 To the Relation of the Electric Field with Generation of Microparticles
	4 The Special Role of Threshold Wind Velocity
	5 Frontal and Tangential Wind Direction
	6 Conclusions
	References
Relationship Between Microphysical Characteristics and Turbulence in Winter Clouds
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology and Results
	3 Conclusions
	References
Case Study of Mesoscale Convective System on August 7, 2021 Over the Center of the European Territory of Russia by Remote Sensing Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Results and Discussion
	3 Conclusions
	References
Modern Climate Changes in the North Caucasus Region
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Analysis and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Atmospheric Transparency and Their Impact on Astronomical Observations on the Shatdzhatmaz Plateau
	1 Introduction
	2 Observational Data
	3 Data Analysis Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Peculiarities of Climate Change in Central Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Climatic Regime of the Territory and Baseline Data
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Patterns Obtained Based on Long Series
		4.2 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of the Indicators of Nonstationary Models
		4.3 Area Zoning by Type of Climatic Change
		4.4 Quantification of Temperature Growth
		4.5 Selection of Effective Climate Model for Central Africa
		4.6 Comparison of Simulation and Observation Data for Different Periods
		4.7 Estimation of Errors by Territory
	5 Conclusions
	References
Electrical Structure and Dynamics of a Thunderstorm with Hail in the North-West of the Russian Federation by Three-Dimensional Simulation data
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamics of Thunderstorm Development Based on the Results of Numerical Simulation
	3 Spatial Distribution of Cloud Characteristics
	4 Conclusions
	References
Measurement of Cloud Water Content from a Research Aircraft
	1 Introduction
	2 Sensor Designs
	3 Measurement of Water Content
	4 Accounting for the Power Spent in Dry Air
	5 Analysis of Water Content Measurements
	6 Conclusions
	References
Analytical Solution of a Two-Dimensional Model of Dry Air Convection in a Stratified Atmosphere
	1 Introduction
	2 Free Convection Equations
	3 Solution of the Resulting System of Equations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Statistical Analysis of Thunderstorm and Hail Activity in the Stavropol Territory
	1 Introduction
	2 Measurement Methodology and Analysis of Results
	3 Failure Detection of the Lightning Direction Finding Network
	4 Conclusion
	References