Physicochemical Interactions of Engineered Nanoparticles and Plants: A Systemic Approach

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PHYSICOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES AND PLANTS
PHYSICOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES AND PLANTS
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
1 - Introduction
	1 - Understanding the interactions of engineered nanomaterials and plants: A systemic perspective
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Metallic engineered nanomaterials
			1.2.1 Description
			1.2.2 Production
			1.2.3 Classification
			1.2.4 Current and future uses of ENMs
			1.2.5 How ENMs enter in contact with plants?
		1.3 Principles of plant physiology
			1.3.1 Seed germination
			1.3.2 Plant growth and development
		1.4 What does physicochemical interaction mean?
		1.5 Physicochemical interactions of ENMs and plant ecosystems
		1.6 Integrative approach toward a beneficial use of ENMs for plants cultivation
		1.7 Book summary
		References
	2- Source, fate and transport of ENMs in the environment, especially those that may eventually reach plant systems
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Source of ENMs in the environment
			2.2.1 Anthropogenic activities
			2.2.2 Consumable products
			2.2.3 Industrial emissions
			2.2.4 Agricultural applications
			2.2.5 Nanomedicine
			2.2.6 Environmental concentrations of ENMs
		2.3 Pathway and fate of ENMs in the environment
			2.3.1 Atmospheric system
			2.3.2 Terrestrial system
			2.3.3 Aquatic system
			2.3.4 Biosystem
		2.4 ENMs-plant interaction
			2.4.1 Stress induced by dissolved ions
			2.4.2 Bioaccumulation of ENMs at the rhizosphere
			2.4.3 Subcellular effects
			2.4.4 Physiological effects
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
	3 - Characterization of ENMs in water, soil, and plant media
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Instrumental Techniques for characterization of ENMs
			3.2.1 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
				3.2.1.1 Application of UV-Vis in NPs detection
			3.2.2 Raman spectroscopy
				3.2.2.1 Raman of NPS in environmental matrices
			3.2.3 Dynamic light scattering
				3.2.3.1 Applications of DLS in NPs detection
			3.2.4 Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
				3.2.4.1 NPs in water, sediments, and soils
			3.2.5 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)
				3.2.5.1 XANES NPs analysis in soils and plants
			3.2.6 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
				3.2.6.1 Examples of application of XRD in environmental studies
			3.2.7 Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
				3.2.7.1 Environmental applications of TEM and SEM imaging of NPs
			3.2.8 Single particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS)
				3.2.8.1 Applications of SP-ICP-MS in the characterization of ENMs in environmental samples
		3.3 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
2 - Biogeochemical cycle of ENMs before plant exposure explained at the molecular level
	4 - Biophysicochemical transformations of ENMs in soil
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Basic soil concepts
			4.2.1 Soil horizons
			4.2.2 Physical characteristics of soil
				4.2.2.1 Grain size and porosity
				4.2.2.2 Water in soil
			4.2.3 Chemical characteristics
				4.2.3.1 Mineral content
				4.2.3.2 Organic content
			4.2.4 Living organisms in soil
		4.3 Soil as the main recipient of ENMs
		4.4 Interactions of ENMs with soil components: analysis of the molecular reactions
			4.4.1 Interactions of ENMs with abiotic soil components
			4.4.2 Interactions of ENMs with biotic soil components
			4.4.3 Transformation of ENMs as a result of biophysicochemical interaction with soil components
			4.4.4 Effects of ENMs on soil properties
		4.5 Bioavailability and stability of ENMs affected by physicochemical soil properties
			4.5.1 pH
			4.5.2 Texture
			4.5.3 Water holding capacity (WHC)
			4.5.4 Organic matter
			4.5.5 Soil biodiversity
			4.5.6 Effect of soil type on ENMs bioavailability
		4.6 Bioavailability and stability of ENMs as affected by biotic soil components
			4.6.1 Biotic soil components potentially interacting with ENMs
			4.6.2 ENMs biotransformation mediated by soil biotic components: bacteria, fungi, microfauna, and plant metabolites
			4.6.3 Effects of ENMs on soil fauna
		4.7 Final remarks
		References
		Further reading
	5 - Biophysicochemical transformations of ENMs in water
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 How are ENMs released in aqueous systems?
		5.3 Fate and transformation of ENMs in aqueous system
			5.3.1 Physical fate and transformation
				5.3.1.1 Physical properties of ENMs
				5.3.1.2 Water parameters and properties
			5.3.2 Chemical fate and transformation
				5.3.2.1 Dissolution and redox reactions
				5.3.2.2 Precipitation
				5.3.2.3 Photochemical transformations
		5.4 ENMs bioavailability and biological fate
			5.4.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
			5.4.2 Ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles
			5.4.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs)
		5.5 Summary
		References
	6 - Biophysicochemical transformations of ENMs in air
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 Types of ENMs
				6.1.1.1 Metallic nanoparticles
				6.1.1.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles
				6.1.1.3 Polymeric nanoparticles
				6.1.1.4 Carbonaceous nanoparticles
			6.1.2 Source of ENMs in air
				6.1.2.1 Natural source
				6.1.2.2 Anthropogenic sources
		6.2 Chemical, physical, and biological transformations of ENMs in air
			6.2.1 Photochemical processes: photocatalytic degradation, oxidation, and reduction
			6.2.2 Interactions with other substances present in the environment: speciation/complexation
			6.2.3 Biological processes: transformation mediated by living organisms
			6.2.4 Physical processes: aggregation, sedimentation, and dissolution
		6.3 Interaction of airborne ENMs with plant surface
			6.3.1 Uptake, translocation, and biotransformation of ENMs in plant leaves
				6.3.1.1 Uptake pathway
				6.3.1.2 Translocation pathway
				6.3.1.3 Biotransformation of ENMs in plants
			6.3.2 Key properties of ENMs that affect their interaction with plants
				6.3.2.1 Size
				6.3.2.2 Surface coating
				6.3.2.3 Surface charge
				6.3.2.4 Surface chemistry
			6.3.3 Key properties of plant surface that affect their interaction with ENMs
			6.3.4 Bioavailability of airborne ENMs to plant surface
		6.4 Impact of airborne ENMs on plant
			6.4.1 Negative impact: atmospheric deposition of ENMs on plant surface
				6.4.1.1 Phytotoxicity of atmospheric deposited contaminative ENMs
				6.4.1.2 Food chain contamination and possible human exposure
			6.4.2 Positive impact: agrichemical delivery through foliar
				6.4.2.1 Enhancing plant development
				6.4.2.2 Alleviating the adverse effects of abiotic stresses
				6.4.2.3 Mitigating the adverse effects of biotic stresses
		6.5 Concluding remarks
		References
3 - Molecular interaction of ENMs and plants: Reactions and mechanisms
	7 - Biophysicochemical transformation of ENMs at root level
		7.1 The root system structure
			7.1.1 Embryonic root formation in Arabidopsis
			7.1.2 The root structure of Arabidopsis
			7.1.3 The function of the stele
		7.2 NP interactions with plant roots
		7.3 NP interactions with water in plant roots
		7.4 Plant roots and soil
			7.4.1 Plant roots change the physicochemical properties of the soil
			7.4.2 Formation of metallic complexes with root exudate components
			7.4.3 Bioavailability of metal oxide nanoparticles in the soil-root system
		7.5 Nanoparticle internalization in root cells
			7.5.1 Cell wall pores
			7.5.2 Apoplastic pathway
			7.5.3 Symplastic pathway
			7.5.4 Root water transport
			7.5.5 Mechanisms: passive diffusion and facilitated transport
			7.5.6 Toxicity of NPs and root pathways
		7.6 Biotransformation of ENMs inside root structures
		7.7 Conclusions
		References
	8 - Biointeractions of plants–microbes–engineered nanomaterials
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Biological factors: microbes in the soil
			8.2.1 Soil microbial communities
		8.3 ENMs and their interactions with microorganisms and plants
			8.3.1 Microbial communities as ENMs receptors: routes of exposure and contact
			8.3.2 ENMs and their effect on the physiological and morphological response of plants biointeracting with microbes
		8.4 Biotic and abiotic factors driving plant–microbes interactions in the presence of ENMs
			8.4.1 Soil–plant–microbes–ENMs interactions
			8.4.2 Type of plant
			8.4.3 Microbial groups
		8.5 Mechanisms involved in the biointeraction of plant–microbe mediated by ENMs
			8.5.1 Rhizosphere as the interface mediating the plants–microbe interactions
		8.6 Analyzing the effect of ENM–plant-associated microorganisms
			8.6.1 Alteration of biogeochemical cycles
			8.6.2 Adverse effects of ENMs on microbes–plants interactions: implications and possible consequences
			8.6.3 Disruption of ecological niches
			8.6.4 Alteration of flora patterns
		8.7 Molecular-based methodologies to determine the impact of engineered nanomaterials on plant–microbe biointeractions
		8.8 Functional elucidation of the impact of ENMs on plant–microbe interactions: the omics sciences approach
			8.8.1 Transcriptomic level
			8.8.2 Proteomic level
			8.8.3 Metabolomic level
		8.9 Molecular modifications in soil fungi and bacteria induced by ENMs
		8.10 Final remarks
		References
	9 - Chemical transformation and mechanisms of ENMs transport in plants
		9.1 Uptake and biotransformation of ENMs at the root level: interactions with biomolecules and cellular structures
		9.2 Biotransformation of ENMs at stem level: interaction with biomolecules and cellular structures
		9.3 Biotransformation of ENMs at leaf level: interaction with biomolecules and cellular structures
		9.4 Potential implications of ENMs biotransformation within plant body
			9.4.1 Implications of ENMs biotransformation at the genetic level
				9.4.1.1 Genotoxicity of ENMs in plants
				9.4.1.2 Effect of ENMs at gene expression level
			9.4.2 Effect of ENMs at the energy production level
			9.4.3 Implications of ENMs transformations within plant body as related to human health
		9.5 Conclusions
		References
	10 - Biotransformation in leaves of foliar applied ENMs
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Foliar application versus other methods
		10.3 Foliar adhesion of ENMs
		10.4 Uptake
		10.5 Defense mechanisms
		10.6 Photosynthesis related processes
		References
	11 - Potential toxicity and bioavailability of ENMs and their products in plant tissues
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 ENMs toxicity in plants
		11.3 ENMs biotransformation in plant tissues
		11.4 Bioavailability of ENMs in plant tissues
		11.5 Conclusions
		References
	12 - Accumulation of engineered nanomaterials by plants: environmental implications
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Fate of plant-derived ENMs
			12.2.1 Fate of plant-derived ENMs—release
			12.2.2 Fate of plant-derived ENMs—mechanisms
		12.3 Transformations in plants
		12.4 Transformations in soil
		12.5 Conclusions
		References
Index
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