Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation and Energy Production: Recent Advances and Applications

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Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology Series
Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation and Energy Production: Recent Advances and Applications
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Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I. Synthesis of Photocatalyst by Various Methods
	1. Modification of Detonation Nanodiamonds with Endofullerenols to Obtain Magnetic Photosensitive Structures for Theranostics
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Experimental
			1.2.1 Samples and Methods
			1.2.2 Formation of Complexes in Aqueous Solutions: Synchrotron Scattering Data
			1.2.3 Analysis of Spatial Correlations Between Scattering Centers in Aqueous Systems of Complexes, Diamonds, and Fullerenols
		1.3 Magnetic Relaxation Properties of Complexes and Tests on Biological Cells By Using Complexes
		1.4 Summary
		References
	2. Preparation of Alloy and the Application for Photocatalytic Degradation Under Solar/UV and Visible Light Irradiation
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Photocatalysts
		2.3 Principle and Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation Process
		2.4 Preparation and Properties of Alloy-Based Photocatalysts
			2.4.1 Mechanical Alloying Method
			2.4.2 Solvothermal Method
			2.4.3 Co-Reduction Method
			2.4.4 Green Synthesis
			2.4.5 Other Methods
		2.5 Degradation Performance of Alloy-Based Photocatalysts
		2.6 Challenges
		2.7 Conclusions and Outlooks
		References
	3. Photocatalytically Active Thin-Film Coatings
		3.1 Introduction to Thin-Film Technology
		3.2 Deposition Methods of Thin Films
			3.2.1 Vacuum-Based Methods
			3.2.2 Non-Vacuum-Based Methods
		3.3 Roles of Nanomaterials in Catalytic Thin-Film Coating
		3.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of Catalytic Thin Films
			3.4.1 Effect of Thickness
			3.4.2 Effect of Substrate
		3.5 Growth of Large-Area Catalytic Thin Films
		3.6 Super Hydrophobic Coatings
			3.6.1 Super Hydrophobic Polymer-Based Coatings
			3.6.2 Super Hydrophobic Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Coating
		3.7 Conclusion
		References
	4. Photocatalytic Activity of 3D Printed TiO2 Architectures Under Solar Radiation
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Experimental Procedure
			4.2.1 Synthesis of the TiO2 Nanostructures
			4.2.2 Design and Printing of the 3D Macro-Architectures
			4.2.3 Incorporation of the TiO2 Nanostructures in the 3D Printed Architectures
			4.2.4 TiO2 Nanostructures and 3D Printed Architectures Characterization
			4.2.5 Photocatalytic Activity
		4.3 Results and Discussion
			4.3.1 TiO2 Nanostructures
			4.3.2 3D Printed Macro-Architectures
			4.3.3 Photocatalytic Behavior of the 3D Printed Macro-Architectures
		4.4 Conclusions
		References
Part II. Photocatalytic Activity Enhancement
	5. Photocatalytic Reactors Design and Operating Parameters on the Wastewater Organic Pollutants Removal
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Organic Pollutants in Wastewater
			5.2.1 Organic Dyes
			5.2.2 Pesticides
			5.2.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
			5.2.4 Aromatic Compounds
		5.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
			5.3.1 Photocatalytic Degradation Process
			5.3.2 Photocatalyst
		5.4 Design of the Photocatalytic Reactors for Organic Pollutants
			5.4.1 The Mole Balance of the Organic Pollutants
			5.4.2 Reaction Rate
			5.4.3 Photoreactor Types
			5.4.4 Selection of Irradiation Source
		5.5 Operating Parameters
			5.5.1 pH
			5.5.2 Temperature
			5.5.3 Pollutant Concentration
			5.5.4 Photocatalyst Dosage
			5.5.5 Oxidants
			5.5.6 Coexisting Inorganic Anions
		5.6 Conclusion
		References
	6. Visible Light Mediated Click Chemistry
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Classification Click Reactions
		6.3 Visible Light Mediated Reactions
		6.4 Conclusion
		References
	7. Effective X-ray Luminescent Hybrid Structures of Nanodiamonds Associated with Metal–organic Scintillators
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Experimental
			7.2.1 Samples
			7.2.2 Methods
		7.3 Results and Discussion
			7.3.1 Optical Absorption
			7.3.2 X-ray Luminescence
			7.3.3 Luminescence Under UV and Visible Radiation
			7.3.4 Singlet Oxygen Generation in Aqueous Colloids of Complexes
			7.3.5 Structure of DND Containing Complexes
			7.3.6 Spatial Correlations of Diamonds in Aqueous Medium
		7.4 Summary
		References
Part III. Applications of Photocatalysts
	8. Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Airborne Pathogen in Air
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Basic Principle of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
		8.3 Photocatalysis—Reaction Kinetics
		8.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds
			8.4.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics for the Photodegradation of VOC
			8.4.2 Photocatalytic Reactors for the Treatment of VOCs
		8.5 Photocatalytic Disinfection of Different Airborne Pathogens
			8.5.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics for Airborne Pathogen Disinfection
			8.5.2 Photocatalytic Reactors for the Treatment of Airborne Pathogens
		8.6 Reactors Used in Commercial Applications
		8.7 Conclusion
		References
	9. Application of Photocatalysts to Improve Indoor Air Quality and Health: A Sustainable Environmental Approach
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 What is Photocatalyst
		9.3 Photocatalytic Materials Used in Air Pollution Research
		9.4 Pollutants in Indoor Air
			9.4.1 Biological Pollutant
			9.4.2 Chemical Pollutant
		9.5 Technology Adopted for Remediation of Indoor Air Pollution
			9.5.1 Improved Cookstove
			9.5.2 Improved Cooking Fuels
			9.5.3 Modifications of Ventilation Pattern
			9.5.4 Ozonation
			9.5.5 Adsorption
			9.5.6 Filtration
			9.5.7 Photocatalytic Oxidation and Removal of Organic Compounds
		9.6 Photocatalysis with Ozone
		9.7 Photocatalysis with ZnO
		9.8 Conclusion
		References
	10. Recent Progress in Biomedical Applications of Metal Oxide Photocatalysts
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Properties of Metal Oxide Catalysis
		10.3 Synthesis Method of Nanoparticles
		10.4 Mechanism for Photocatalysts
		10.5 Various Fields of Application
		10.6 Biomedical Application of Metal Oxide Photocatalysis
		10.7 Limitations of Photocatalysts
		References
	11. Role of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysts in Green Organic Synthesis
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Selective Oxidation Reactions
			11.2.1 Aldehydes/Ketones Formation via Oxidation Reactions
			11.2.2 Strategies to Modify Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
			11.2.3 Effect of Metals Loading
			11.2.4 Non-metal Cocatalysts Loading Impact
			11.2.5 Tuning of Electronic Structure
			11.2.6 Effects of Surface Modification
		11.3 Selective Conversion of Amines to Imines
			11.3.1 Reaction Mechanism
			11.3.2 Modifications of Semiconductor-Based Photocatalysts
		11.4 Reduction of Nitro Compounds
			11.4.1 Reaction Mechanism
			11.4.2 Engineering in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
		11.5 Benzene Compounds Hydrocarbylation
			11.5.1 Mechanisms for the Synthesis of Phenol
			11.5.2 Engineering in Semiconductor Photocatalysts
		11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
Part IV. Theoretical Studies of Photocatalytic Material
	12. Strain Engineering for Tuning the Photocatalytic Activity of Metal–Organic Frameworks
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Strain Engineering for Tuning Photocatalytic Activities
			12.2.1 Electrical Conductivity Tuning
			12.2.2 Band Gap Tuning
			12.2.3 Morphology and Topography Tuning
			12.2.4 Linking Tuning
			12.2.5 Stability Tuning
		12.3 Present Challenges with MOF Tuning
		12.4 Future Perspectives
		12.5 Conclusions
		References
	13. Theory, Modeling and Computational Aspects Regarding the Mechanisms of Activation of Photocatalysts
		13.1 Introduction
			13.1.1 Need for Theoretical Models
			13.1.2 Theoretical Models Used
			13.1.3 Theoretical Models for Metal Oxide Catalysts [14]
			13.1.4 Theoretical Model for Carbon-Based Catalysts
			13.1.5 Recent Progress in Theory and Modeling on Photocatalysis
		13.2 Conclusion
		References
	14. Electrocatalytic Activation and Conversion of CO2 at Solid–Liquid Model Interfaces: Computational Perspectives
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 Heterogeneous Catalyst for CO2 Reduction
			14.1.2 CO2 Activation and Conversion
		14.2 Characterization of the Ionic Liquids
			14.2.1 Effect of Anions with [BMIm]+ Cation
			14.2.2 Effect of Alkyl Chain and Anions ([CnMIm]+[X]−)
		14.3 Characterization of the Ionic Liquids@Au(111) Surface
			14.3.1 Effect of Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids at the Gold Surface
			14.3.2 Effect of Hydrophobic Anions and BMIm+ Cation at the Au(111) Surface
			14.3.3 Impact of Alkyl Groups of the (CnMIm+) at the Au(111) Surface
		14.4 Electrocatalysis of CO2 Reduction
			14.4.1 Interaction of CO2 with Ionic Liquids
			14.4.2 Adsorption of CO2 at Hydrophilic ILs-Decorated Gold Surface
			14.4.3 CO2 Activation at IL@Gold Electrode
			14.4.4 Investigation of CO2 Conversion into HCOOH at the ILs@Gold Surface
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
Part V. Advances in Photocatalytic Material for CO2  Reduction and H2 Production
	15. Bismuth-Based Photocatalytic Material for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Clean Energy Production
			15.2.1 Solar Cell Technology
			15.2.2 Hydrogen Gas as a Fuel
			15.2.3 Hydrocarbons as Fuel
			15.2.4 Biofuel Production
		15.3 Strategies for Photocatalytic Fuel Production
			15.3.1 Structural and Functional Modification
			15.3.2 Recent Progress in Rational Approach for Optimizing Catalyst Loading
			15.3.3 Component Regulation
			15.3.4 Doping
			15.3.5 Facet Engineering
			15.3.6 Defects Engineering
			15.3.7 Co-catalyst Loading
			15.3.8 Heterojunction Construction
			15.3.9 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
		15.4 Summary
		References
	16. Efficient Photoactive Materials for CO2 Conversion into Valuable Products Using Organic and Inorganic-Based Composites
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Thermodynamics and Mechanism of CO2 Reduction
		16.3 Types of Photocatalytic Materials
			16.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
			16.3.2 Perovskite Materials
			16.3.3 TiO2-Based Materials and Composites
		16.4 Amine Group Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks (NH2-MOFs)
		16.5 Conclusion
		References
	17. Conducting Polymer Hybrid Nanocomposites-Based Photocatalytic Material for Energy Applications
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Energy Harnessing
			17.2.1 Case Study of Solar Energy
		17.3 Energy Transmission
			17.3.1 Nanodevices
			17.3.2 Conductive Polymers
		17.4 Energy Storage
			17.4.1 Electrochemical Energy Systems
			17.4.2 Supercapacitors
			17.4.3 Thermoelectric Generators
			17.4.4 Case Study on Polydopamine Fabricated Photocatalytic Nanocomposite
			17.4.5 Case Study of Graphene
		17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	18. Recent Developments in MOFs Materials for the Photocatalytic H2 Production by Water Splitting
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks
		18.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
		18.4 Conclusion
		References
	19. Interface Engineering of Nano-Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Degradation of Organic Pollutants
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Fundamental Principles/Thermodynamics of Semiconductor Photocatalysts
		19.3 Engineering Interfacial Parameters of Semiconductor Nanostructures
		19.4 Characterization of Interfaces in Semiconductor Photocatalysts
		19.5 Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation
		19.6 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
		19.7 Summary and Future Perspectives
		References