Phonological Representations: Their Names, Forms and Powers

PHONOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS: THEIR NAMES, FORMS AND POWERS......Page 1
Half-title......Page 2
Cambridge Studies in Linguistics......Page 3
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Figures......Page 11
Tables......Page 14
Preface and acknowledgements......Page 16
Key to symbols......Page 18
1.1 Rules and representations in linguistic theory......Page 20
1.2 Rules and representations in phonological theory......Page 21
1.3 Imperative, declarative and interrogative approaches to grammar......Page 26
1.4 Linguistic representations and cognitive representations......Page 30
1.5.1 Formalism......Page 31
1.5.2 Phonological Notation......Page 33
1.6 Overview......Page 34
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2 Historical context of phonetic notations......Page 38
2.3 Segmental phonetic notation......Page 40
2.4 Notation and denotation......Page 41
2.4.1 Phonetic transcription and phonetic transcriptions......Page 43
2.5.1 The syntax of IPA symbols......Page 45
2.5.3 Cocatenation and commutative cocatenation......Page 46
2.6.1 Model theory......Page 48
2.6.2 Model theory and segmental phonetic notation......Page 49
2.6.4 Categorial interpretation......Page 50
2.6.5 Segmentation theory: internal temporal interpretation......Page 52
2.6.6 The semantics of IPA strings......Page 54
2.6.7 Temporal interpretation of IPA strings......Page 55
2.7 Another example: Sweet\'s Organic Alphabet......Page 57
2.8 Feature-matrix representation......Page 58
2.9 Segmentation and temporal overlap......Page 60
2.10 Superweak segmental interpretation......Page 62
2.11 Conclusion......Page 64
3.1 Introduction......Page 65
3.2 Historical context......Page 66
3.3 Phonemic phonology......Page 67
3.3.1 Variability in phonemic phonology......Page 68
3.3.2 Variability of /i/ and /u/ in Japanese......Page 69
3.3.3 Variability of /t/ and /ty/ in Japanese......Page 72
3.3.4 \'Minimal pairs\', distinctiveness and types of oppositions......Page 73
3.3.5 Distinctive and predictable features......Page 77
3.4 Transformational-generative phonology......Page 85
3.4.1 Coarticulation and the phonology-phonetics interface......Page 86
3.4.2 Transformations in Japanese: variants of /i/ and /u/......Page 89
3.4.3 Variants of /t/ and /ty/ in Japanese, and the representation of affrication......Page 92
3.4.4 Japanese palatalisation as \'soft\' coarticulation......Page 94
3.5 The excessive power of transformational grammars......Page 96
3.5.2 Rule Types......Page 97
3.5.3 Unrestricted transformational grammars and their string-sets......Page 103
3.5.4 Recursiveness......Page 105
3.5.5 Summary of problems with transformational phonology......Page 106
3.5.6 Constraints on transformational phonology......Page 108
3.6.1 Order in derivations......Page 111
3.6.2 A phonological example: Japanese High Vowel Devoicing......Page 121
3.6.3 General derivation graphs as a foundation for declarative grammars......Page 123
3.6.4 Segments, features and rule application......Page 124
3.7 Conclusion......Page 127
4.1 Introduction......Page 129
4.2 Origins of non-linear generative phonology......Page 130
4.3 Non-linear phonological representation......Page 132
4.3.1 An autosegmental analysis......Page 133
4.3.2 Well-formedness in Autosegmental Phonology......Page 138
4.3.3 Well-formedness constraints......Page 139
4.3.4 The No Crossing Constraint......Page 147
4.3.5 Autosegmental Phonology and graph theory......Page 148
4.3.6 Planarity......Page 153
4.3.7 Planarity and the No Crossing Constraint......Page 157
4.3.8 Three-dimensional diagrams in the Autosegmental literature......Page 160
4.3.9 A necessarily three-dimensional diagram......Page 162
4.3.10 The NCC does not constrain three-dimensional Autosegmental Phonology......Page 164
4.4 Constituency, heads and modifiers in phonological theory......Page 165
4.4.1 Dependency Phonology......Page 166
4.4.2 Metrical Phonology......Page 168
4.4.3 Declarative Phonology and parameters of metrical structure......Page 170
4.4.4 Recent history......Page 178
4.4.5 Combining Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology......Page 179
4.5 Conclusion......Page 183
5.1 Introduction......Page 184
5.2 Historical context......Page 185
5.3 A non-derivational approach to phonology......Page 186
5.3.1 Phonetic interpretation in Declarative Phonology......Page 187
5.3.2 Transformational Phonetics and Generative Semantics......Page 189
5.3.3 Transformational vs. Interpretive Phonetics......Page 190
5.4.1 Allophony......Page 196
5.4.2 Assimilation......Page 197
5.4.3 Coarticulation......Page 198
5.4.4 Epenthesis......Page 199
5.4.5 Deletion......Page 200
5.4.6 Metathesis......Page 202
5.5.1 Feature-logic and the representation of linguistic information......Page 203
5.5.2 Logical descriptions......Page 205
5.5.3 Negation and feature-switching......Page 207
5.5.4 Category-valued features and feature equations......Page 208
5.5.5 Implication......Page 209
5.5.7 Types, subsumption and the Elsewhere Principle......Page 210
5.5.8 Syntagmatic structure......Page 212
5.5.9 Heads and feature propagation......Page 224
5.5.10 Simultaneous and parallel rule interaction in Declarative Phonology......Page 229
5.5.11 Restrictiveness of Declarative Phonology......Page 232
5.6 Phonetic interpretation, 1: temporal interpretation......Page 235
5.6.1 Temporal interpretation of concatenation in logic grammars......Page 236
5.6.2 An Extension to the ID/LP formalism for overlapping constituents......Page 237
5.6.3 Temporal interpretation and overlap......Page 239
5.6.5 Clusters......Page 244
5.6.6 Elision......Page 246
5.7 Phonetic interpretation, 2: parametric interpretation......Page 248
5.8 Conclusion......Page 251
6.1 Introduction......Page 252
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 253
6.3 Moras......Page 254
6.4 Syllables and moras......Page 255
6.4.2 Two-mora syllables......Page 256
6.4.3 Three- and four-mora syllables......Page 264
6.4.4 Absence of triphthongs within Japanese morphemes......Page 268
6.5 Structure of CV moras......Page 270
6.6 Regressive palatalisation......Page 271
6.7 Phonetic interpretation of CV moras......Page 277
6.8 Consonant \'clusters\' in onset and coda......Page 284
6.9 Concluding remark......Page 286
7.1.1 Introduction......Page 288
7.1.2 A sketch of the grammar formalism......Page 289
7.1.4 The vowel systems......Page 291
7.1.5 Vowel categories......Page 299
7.1.6 Consonant categories......Page 303
7.1.7 Frictionless continuant (\'glide\') categories......Page 309
7.1.8 Syllable structure......Page 310
7.1.9 Onsets......Page 312
7.1.10 Rime structure......Page 316
7.1.11 The coda systems......Page 319
7.1.12 Pansyllabic constraints......Page 323
7.2.2 Abstract stress......Page 327
7.2.3 Lexical structure......Page 328
7.2.4 Metrical structure of English words......Page 332
7.2.5 Level 2 and level 3 stress......Page 338
7.2.6 Reconciling morphological and metrical structure......Page 341
7.3 Lexical and postlexical phonology......Page 342
7.4 Envoi......Page 343
References......Page 345
Index......Page 363