Personal Protective Equipment for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Hazards: Design, Evaluation, and Selection

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT FOR
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
AND RADIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 13
1.1 What Is CBRN PPE and Why Is It Used?......Page 15
1.2 What Are CBRN Agents?......Page 16
1.3 Context of Use as It Relates to Design, Selection, and Performance......Page 19
1.4.1 How Not to Do It......Page 20
1.4.2 Stage 1: Prior to the Design and Procurement Cycle......Page 21
1.4.3 Stage 2: At the Time of Decision to Procure New PPE......Page 22
1.4.4 Stage 3: Off-the-Shelf Procurement......Page 23
1.4.5 Stage 4: Development Program......Page 24
2.1 General Overview of Agents......Page 26
2.3 Routes of Entry......Page 27
2.4.1 Airborne Hazards......Page 31
2.4.2 Contact Hazards......Page 33
2.4.3 Radiation Hazards......Page 34
2.5.1 Local vs. Systemic Effects......Page 35
2.6.1 Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Classification......Page 36
2.6.3 Ocular Hazards......Page 38
2.6.5 Ingestion Hazards......Page 39
2.6.6 Dissemination of Chemicals and Types of Events......Page 40
2.7.2 What Makes a Potential Biological Agent?......Page 42
2.7.3 Classification......Page 43
2.7.4 The Immune System and Infection......Page 45
2.7.5 General Properties of Microorganisms......Page 46
2.7.6 The Bacteria......Page 47
2.7.8 The Viruses......Page 48
2.7.10 Toxins......Page 49
2.7.11 Other Important Methods of Control......Page 50
2.7.12 Transmission and Dissemination......Page 51
2.7.13 The Agents of Concern......Page 54
2.8.1 General Hazards......Page 57
2.8.3 Types of Short- and Long-Term Effects......Page 58
2.8.5 Dissemination......Page 59
2.9.1 Methods of Dissemination......Page 61
2.9.2 Persistency and Environmental Effects......Page 62
2.9.3 Summary of CBRN Hazards and Their Location......Page 64
3.1 Defining Concepts of Operations......Page 65
3.2.1 Concept of Operations......Page 66
3.2.2 Military User Groups......Page 67
3.3.1 Concept of Operations......Page 69
3.3.2 Domestic User Groups......Page 71
3.4.1 General Comments......Page 73
3.4.2 Scenarios and Modeling......Page 74
3.4.3 Conditions of Use......Page 78
3.5.1 General......Page 80
3.5.2 Chemical Exposure......Page 81
3.5.3 Radiation Exposure......Page 87
3.5.4 Biological Agent Exposure......Page 90
3.6 Human Factors and Task Requirements......Page 91
3.7.1 Coroners, Medical Examiners, and Pathologists......Page 93
3.7.2 Law Enforcement......Page 95
4.1.1 Airborne Hazards......Page 98
4.1.2 Contact Hazards......Page 99
4.1.3 Protection Priorities and Issues Related to the Hazard......Page 100
4.2.1 Barrier Materials and Hardening......Page 101
4.2.2 Air Purification Processes......Page 103
4.3.1 General......Page 109
4.3.2 Thermophysiology......Page 110
4.3.3 Breathing and Respiratory Physiology......Page 112
4.3.4 Anthropometry and Range of Motion......Page 114
4.3.5 Sensory Issues and Situational Awareness......Page 117
4.4.1 Climatic Conditions......Page 119
4.5.1 General Issues......Page 120
4.5.2 Fibers and Textiles......Page 122
4.5.3 Barrier Materials......Page 123
4.5.4 Selectively Permeable Materials......Page 125
4.5.5 Filtration Media......Page 129
4.5.6 Adsorbents......Page 132
4.5.7 Reactive Materials......Page 134
4.5.8 Smart Materials......Page 139
4.5.9 Nanomaterials and Other Protective or Next-Generation Materials......Page 140
4.6.1 Introduction and Background......Page 142
4.6.2 Early Design Considerations......Page 143
4.6.3 Maintaining System Integrity to Prevent Penetration and Leakage......Page 145
4.6.5 Preventing Breakthrough of Chemicals by Using Adsorbing or Reactive Elements......Page 147
4.6.6 Preventing Penetration and Reaerosolization of Aerosols......Page 150
4.6.7 Protecting from Non-CBRN Hazards......Page 151
4.6.8 Optimizing Human Performance......Page 152
4.6.9 Optimizing Sizing......Page 158
4.6.10 Other Design Issues......Page 159
4.7.1 Introduction......Page 161
4.7.2 Protection Performance Modeling......Page 163
4.7.3 Human Performance and Physiology Modeling......Page 164
4.7.4 Toxicity Modeling......Page 165
5.2 Concepts of Use......Page 167
5.3.1 Protective Concepts......Page 168
5.3.2 Components of a Respirator......Page 169
5.3.3 Self-Contained Breathable Gas Styles......Page 175
5.3.5 Air-Purifying (Negative-Pressure) Respirators......Page 179
5.3.6 Powered Air-Purifying Respirators......Page 181
5.3.7 Emerging Concepts and Issues......Page 183
5.4 Dermal Protective Equipment (Clothing)......Page 184
5.4.1 Components......Page 185
5.4.2 Ensembles......Page 186
5.4.3 Emerging Concepts......Page 192
5.5 Future Concepts to Improve Performance in Use......Page 195
6.1 Test Selection as Determined by Life-Cycle Phase......Page 197
6.2.1 Translating Requirements to Effective Test Methods......Page 200
6.2.4 Time and Cost......Page 201
6.3.1 General Limits......Page 202
6.3.2 Test Scale and Test Platform......Page 203
6.3.3 Item To Be Tested......Page 207
6.3.4 User-Related Parameters......Page 210
6.3.5 Challenge CBRN Agent......Page 211
6.3.6 Amount and Physical Form of Agent......Page 216
6.3.7 Test Environments......Page 220
6.3.8 Preconditioning......Page 221
6.3.9 Representative Sampling......Page 222
6.4.1 Setting Priorities......Page 223
6.4.3 CBRN Protective Performance Measures Using Items or Systems......Page 224
6.4.4 CBRN Protective Performance Measures Using Materials......Page 231
6.4.5 Human Performance Measures Using Items or Systems......Page 236
6.4.6 Human Performance Measures Using Materials......Page 237
6.5 Sources of Methods......Page 238
6.7.5 Other Durability......Page 239
6.8.2 Chemical Vapor and Liquid Protection......Page 249
6.8.3 Particulate and Biological: Penetration and Filtration Methods......Page 251
6.8.4 Biological: Methods Assessing Resistance to Microbial Growth......Page 261
6.9.1 Comfort, Fit, and Function......Page 267
6.9.2 Field of View......Page 269
6.9.3 Visual Acuity......Page 271
6.9.4 Communications......Page 272
6.9.6 Thermal Performance......Page 273
7.1.1 Examples of CBRN Work Environments......Page 279
7.1.2 Requirements Setting and Specifications......Page 280
7.2.1 General Comments......Page 281
7.2.4 Respiratory Protective Device Performance......Page 282
7.3 Performance and Selection Standards and Regulations......Page 289
7.3.1 North America......Page 290
7.3.2 Europe......Page 299
7.3.4 ISO......Page 302
7.3.5 NATO......Page 304
References......Page 305
Index......Page 335