Pediatric Food Preferences and Eating Behaviors

Cover
PEDIATRIC FOOD
PREFERENCES AND
EATING BEHAVIORS
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Prologue
1
Measuring Sweet and Bitter Taste in Children: Individual Variation due to Age and Taste Genetics
	Introduction
	Taste Phenotypes: How to Measure Taste in Children
		Detection Thresholds
		Taste Intensity
		Taste Hedonics
		Summary
	Ontogeny of Sweet and Bitter Taste
		Sweet Taste
		Bitter Taste
		Summary
	Genetics of Sweet and Bitter Taste
		Taste Receptor Genetics and Nomenclature
		Summary
	Genotype-Taste Phenotype Relationships in Children
		TAS2R Genotype-Phenotype Studies
		TAS1R Genotype-Phenotype Studies
		Summary
	Conclusions and Practical Implications
	References
2
Learning to Like: Roles of Repeated Exposure and Other Types of Learning
	Introduction
	Repeated Exposure Effects During Infancy
	Repeated Exposure Effects During Early Childhood
	Repeated Exposure Effects During Middle Childhood
	Conclusions, Recommendations, and Future Directions
	References
3
Effects of Modeling on Children's Eating Behavior
	Effects of Modeling on Children's Eating Behavior
	What Is Modeling and Why Do We Do It?
	Influence of Modeling on Novel Food Intake and Choice
	Influence of Modeling on Portion Sizes Eaten
	Influence of Modeling on Children's Food Liking and Preferences
	Different Models: Who Is Most Effective?
	Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Modeling
	Interventions Based on Modeling
	Conclusion and Implications
	References
4
Children's Challenging Eating Behaviors: Picky Eating, Food Neophobia, and Food Selectivity
	Introduction
	Picky Eating
	Measurement and Prevalence
	Factors Associated With Picky Eating
	Outcomes Associated With Picky Eating
	Food Neophobia
	Measurement and Prevalence
	Factors Associated With Food Neophobia
	Outcomes Associated With Neophobia
	Food Selectivity
	Measurement of Food Selectivity
	Factors Associated With Food Selectivity
	Outcomes Associated With Food Selectivity
	Conclusions
	Sources of Support
	References
5
Satiety Responsiveness and Eating Rate in Childhood: Development, Plasticity, and the Family Footprint
	Introduction
	Satiety Responsiveness
		Measurement
		Risk and Susceptibility
			Genetic Influences
			Parent-Child Feeding Practices
			Associations With Weight and Dietary Intakes
		Potential for Modification
	Eating Rate
		Measurement
		Risk and Susceptibility
			Genetic Influences
			Parent-Child Feeding Practices
			Associations to Adiposity and Dietary Intake
		Potential for Modification
	Research Opportunities
	Conclusion
	References
6
Role of Reward Pathways in Appetitive Drive and Regulation
	The Role of Reward in Eating
	Homeostatic and Reward Perspectives on Eating
	Subcomponents of Reward (Wanting, Liking, Salience)
	Inhibiting Reward-Driven Eating
	Next Steps in Investigating Reward-Driven Eating
	Conclusion
	References
7
Appetitive Traits: Genetic Contributions to Pediatric Eating Behaviors
	Introduction
	Appetitive Traits
		Defining and Measuring Appetitive Traits
		Measuring Appetitive Traits for Genetic Research
			A Dimensional Approach in the General Population
			Special Consideration for Genetic Research
	Genetic Studies of Child Eating Behaviors
		Family Studies
			Twin Studies
				Assumptions of Twin Models
				Limitations of Twin Models
				Evaluating Twin Models
				Heritability Estimates for Appetitive Traits in Childhood
				A Developmental Perspective
				Interpreting Heritability Estimates for Child Appetitive Traits
				Future Directions
			Molecular Genetic Studies
				Candidate Gene Studies
				FTO
				Limitations and Future Directions of Gene Association Studies
	Conclusions
	References
8
The Influence of the Food Environment on Food Intake and Weight Regulation in Children
	Introduction
	Food Properties and Child Appetite Regulation
		Energy Density
		Portion Size
		Combined Effects of Energy Density and Portion Size
		Variety
	Obesogenic Food Environment
		Home Food Environment
		Schools
		Neighborhoods
	Practical Implications
	Summary
	References
9
Parenting Influences on Appetite and Weight
	Introduction
	Infancy and Toddlerhood
	Preschool Age
	Elementary School Age
	Adolescence
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
10
Executive Function and Self-Regulatory Influences on Children's Eating
	Introduction
	Theoretical Frameworks Describing the Self-Regulation of Food Intake
	Neurocognitive Correlates of Eating Behavior
	Potential Pathways Linking EF and Eating Behavior
	Inhibitory Control and Eating Behavior
	Impulsivity and Eating Behavior
	Delay of Gratification and Eating Behavior
	Decision Making and Eating Behavior
	Cognitive Flexibility, Working Memory, and Eating Behavior
	Global Measures of EF and Children's Eating Behavior
	Implications for Prevention and Practice
	Conclusions
	References
11
Neurocognitive Influences on Eating Behavior in Children
	Introduction
	Studying the Brain
		Brain Imaging Methodologies
	Characteristics of Human Eating Behavior
		Challenges in Pediatric Imaging
	Brain Differences Between Adults and Children
	Bidirectional Associations Between Brain Structure and Pediatric Obesity
	Associations Between Brain Function and Pediatric Eating Behaviors and Body Weight
		Food Motivation and Drive
		Self-Control and Decision Making
		Impact of Environmental Cues on Pediatric Brain Response to Food
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
12
Development of Loss of Control Eating
	Overview
	Assessment of LOC Eating
	Cross-Sectional Correlates of LOC Eating in Youth
		Genetics
		Physiological Correlates
		Psychosocial Correlates
			Social Correlates
			Psychological and Behavioral Correlates
			Cognitive Correlates
	Outcomes of LOC Eating
		Physiological Outcomes
		Psychosocial Outcomes
	Predictors of LOC Eating in Youth
		Biological Predictors
		Social and Psychological Predictors
	Theories of LOC Eating Development
	Interventions for LOC Eating
	Proposed Future Directions
	Conclusion
	References
13
Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating Among Children and Adolescents
	Introduction
	Defining Intentional Self-regulation of Eating
	Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating, Dietary Restraint, and Dieting
	Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating and Dietary and Weight Outcomes Among Children
	The Development of Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating
	Factors That Challenge Individuals Ability to Intentionally Self-Regulate Eating
	Conclusions and Future Research Needs
	Implications for Practice
	References
14
Food Cognition and Nutrition Knowledge
	Early Food Cognition: How Do Infants and Children Categorize Foods?
	Developing Food Cognition: Categorization and Rejection
	Sociocognitive Learning About Food: Observing Other People
	Social Learning: Testimony About Who Likes What
	Social Learning: Testimony About Health
	Conclusions and Open Questions
	References
Epilogue
	What Have We Learned?
	What Are the Next Steps in the Science?
	Summary
Index
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	Q
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	U
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