Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions (Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals)

Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	Abolition Democracy
	Abolitionism
	Aboriginal Population
	Abuse of Power
	Access to Justice: Promoting the Legal System as a Human Right
		Definition
		Introduction
			The Declaration of the High-Level Meeting on the Rule of Law and Access to Justice as a Human Right
		Access to Justice Perspectives
		Normative Framework
		Human Rights-Based Approach to Access to Justice
			Empowerment of the Poor Through Access to Justice
		Barriers to Access to Justice
		Types of Support to Promote Access to Justice
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Accountability
	Accountability and Transparency
	Agent Behavior
	Alternative Dispute Resolution
	Alternatives to Development
	Anti-development
	Armed Non-state Actors
	Armed Opposition Groups
B
	Back and Forth
	Behavior Change
	Big Data
	Bisahi
	``Blood Money´´: From Compensation to Transformative Justice for Peace and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Moral Values and Burdens of ``Blood Money´´
		The Practice of Monetary Reparations
		Transitional Justice: A Holistic Approach to Reparations
		Transformative Justice and Sustainable Peace
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Boycott and Embargo (related terms)
	Bribery
	Build
	Building Capacities of Youth for Positive Mental Health and Well-Being
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		SDG Goals and Its Relevance to Social Well-Being
		Key Issues: Youth Mental Health and Well-Being
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
C
	Capacities
	Capacity Building
	Capacity Building and Technical Cooperation for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		``Capacity Building´´ for Sustainable Development: The Genesis and Evolution
		``Capacity Building´´ for Developing Peaceful, Just, and Inclusive Societies (SDG 16)
		``Capacity Building´´ and the Linkages Thereof for Achieving SDG 16
		Conclusion and Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Capacity Development
	Capacity Development and Sustainable Development Goals
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Planning Approach to Economic Development
		Markets and New Perspectives on Development
		Human Development Approach
		The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Aid Effectiveness
		Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Governance Instruments in the Capacity Development Approach
		Summary/Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Challenges of International Criminal Law for Sustainable Development
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Relationship Between International Criminal Law and Sustainable Development
		Addressing the Challenges of International Criminal Justice
			Enforcement of International Criminal Law at the National Level
			Enhancement of the Cooperation Regime in International Criminal Law
			Addressing Gaps in Jurisdiction and Definitional Limitations
			Resolving the Question of Immunity of Heads of States
		Existing Endeavors to Address Some Challenges of International Criminal Law
			International Commissions of Inquiry, Fact-Finding Missions, and Other Investigative Mechanisms
			The Humanity Against Crimes Campaign
			The International Law Commission´s Crimes Against Humanity Project
			The Mutual Legal Assistance Initiative
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Challenges to Democracy in Developing Countries
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Understanding the Challenges to Democracy in Developing Countries
			Democracy and Economic Development
			Uneven State-Building and Extension of the Rule of Law
			Subnational Variations of Democracy
			Democratic Backsliding in Developing Countries
			Democracy and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Cross-References
		References
	Change Management
	Changing
	Chauvinism
	Child
	Children´s Right
	Civil
	Climate Change Justice
	Climate Justice
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Climate Justice
			Climate Justice as Environmental Justice?
			Climate Justice and SDGs
			Small/Big, Center/Margin, False, and Useful Binaries: Climate Justice as an ``Urban´´ Issue?
			Climate Migration
			Adaptation, Mitigation, and Types of (Climate) Justice
		The Law, Governance, and Climate Justice
		Seeing REDD(+) for the Future of Nature in ``the Economy´´: Circular Economy, Green Economy, Bioeconomy, Blue Carbon, Cap-and-...
		Global South, (De)Coloniality, and Climate Justice
			Rights of Nature, Gender, Race, and Climate Justice
		Outlook
		Cross-References
		References
	Climate Responsibility
	Coercion
	Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Definition, Configuration, and Evolution of Collaborative Governance
		Drivers and Conditions for Collaborative Governance
		Institutional Design and Leadership in Collaborative Processes
			The Collaborative Process
		UN Governance and Innovation: Accountable and Inclusive Institutions at All Levels
			E-Government and Open Data Initiatives
			Governance and Gender Equality
		Conclusion: Challenges for the Implementation of Collaborative Governance
		Cross-References
		References
	Communal Conflict: Theory and Sociocultural Impact
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Communal Conflicts
		Conflict Theory and Sociocultural Impact
		Logics of Human Rights
		Human Development and SDG16
		Concluding Comments
		Key Issues/Challenges
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Communication for Development
	Communication for Peace
	Communication for Peaceful Social Change and Global Citizenry
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Culture and Communication for Peace
		Communication for Development and Communication for Social Change
		Civil Society, Activism, and Communicative Action for Peace
		Transgressive Communication for Peaceful Social Change
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Communication for Social Change
	Community Circles
	Community Conferencing
	Community Leadership
	Compensation
	Conflict Bargaining and Resolution Strategies
		Definition of Conflict Bargaining and Conflict Resolution
		Framework on Conflict Resolution
			The Distinction Between Dispute Settlement, Conflict Management, and Conflict Resolution
			The Evolution of the Conflict Resolution Field of Study
			Dimensions of Conflict
		Conflict Resolution Strategies
			The 17 Principles of Conflict Resolution
			The Five Conflict Resolution Styles
		Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures
			Conflict Bargaining
				Distributive/Positional Bargaining Versus Integrative/Interest-Based Bargaining
				Tacit Versus Explicit Bargaining
			Mediation
			Arbitration
			Litigation
		Culture-Based Influence on Conflict Resolution
		Cross-References
		References
	Conflict Mediation
	Conflict-Affected Areas and Sustainable Development Goal 16
		Definition
		Introduction
		Understanding Conflict
		Conflict-Affected Areas (CAAs) and Their Sources
		Conflict-Affected Areas (CAAs) and Their Consequences
		CAAs and Effect on SDGs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Conflict-Free Administration
	Contemporary Institutional Autonomy and SDG Implementation: Challenges and Opportunities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Agenda 2030 and Inclusive Institutions
		Institutionalism Reinvented in the Context of SDGs Implementation
		Governments Political Will and the Right Leadership
		Institutional Capacity and Autonomy
		Adherence to the Rule of Law and Property Rights Protection
		Free-Market Environment Independent from Government Institutional Interference
		Migrating from Fragility to Resilience
		Institutional Economics in the Context of SDGs Implementation
		Economic-Political Linkage in New Institutional Economics
		Institutional Arrangements for Government Investment for Sustainable Development Goals
		A Meta Governance Approach to Make SDGs Work
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Cooperative Leaders
	Countermeasures/Restrictive Measures (Wide Understanding, Particularly in Relation to Economic and/or Financial Enforcement Me...
	Crime
	Criminal Justice Reform
	Critical Development Studies
	Cross- and Trans-institutional Collaboration to Support Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Strong Institutions
		Institutional Theory
		Cross-Institutional and Trans-Institutional Collaborations for Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Cross-sectoral Governance
	Crowdsourcing
D
	Data Justice
	Dayan pratha
	De Facto Authorities
	Decoloniality
	Democracy in the Developed Countries
		Definitions
		What Is Democracy?
			From Threshold Democracies to Improving the Quality of Democracies
		The Developed World and Democracy
			Overview
		Democracy in the Developed World: Key Issues
			The Sustainable Development Goals Agenda
			Multilevel Democracy and Multilateralism
			Issues of Popular Participation and Political Culture
			Democracy and ICT: Between Freedom and Security
			Democratic Retreats
		Conclusion: Developed Democracies and Sustainability
		Cross-References
		References
	Deprived Children
	Development Paradigms Related to Peace, Justice, and Solid Institutions: A Case Study on Guatemala for Decision-Makers
		Definition
		Introduction
			Methods
		Toward a Decision-Makers´ Vision of SDG 16 in the World in General and Guatemala Specifically
			Guatemala´s Profile
			The International Context: Its Nature, Trends, and Answers Needed
				The Global State of the SDGs in Latin America and Guatemala in that Context
				International Crisis Tendencies and Their Effects on the SDG, Guatemala, and Other Countries
			Prospects for the Future
		Conclusion
			Suggestions for Decision-Makers
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Digital Government
	Disaster Risk Management
	Discuss
	Dishonesty
	Disorientation
	Dissident Armed Forces
	Distributive Justice
	Distributive Justice at the Global, National, and Temporal Scales
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Philosophical Origins
		Multiscalar Approach in Understanding Justice
		Distributive Justice at the Global Scale: Sustainable Development Goals
		Distributive Justice at the National Scale: Case Studies of Renewable Energy Implementations
		Distributive Justice at the Temporal Scale: Intergenerational Justice
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
E
	Ecological Justice
	Economic Deprivation: Approaches, Causes, and Consequences for Violent Conflicts
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Understanding Economic Deprivation
			Perception of Poverty
		Causes of Economic Deprivation
		Deprivation and Political Violence
			Indirect Effects
			Motivation
			Mobilization
			Radicalization
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Economic Value
	Effects of Economic Crimes on Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Economic Crimes and Development
			Introduction
		Economic Crimes and the Private Sector
		Economic Crimes and the Public Sector
		Money Laundering and Cybercrime
		Conclusions: International Cooperation Is Key
		Cross-References
		References
	Electronic Government for Trust Building
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Defining Key Terms
			Trust and Trust in Government
			E-Government and Trust in E-Government
		Links Between E-Government and Trust: Building Conceptual Framework
		State of Electronic Government
		Trust Building Through E-Government
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Emotional Intelligence and the Sustainable Development Goals: Supporting Peaceful, Just, and Inclusive Societies
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Background and Foundations
		Linking EI and SDGs
			Relationship to Self
			Relationship to Others
			Relationship to the Environment
			Relationship to Future Generations
		Conclusions and the Way Forward: Integrating Personal, Collective, and Systems Change
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Enduring
	Ensuring Child Rights for a Just Society
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Ways of Violating Child Rights
		Socioeconomic Consequences of Violating the Child Rights
		Existing Legal Framework for Protecting Child Rights, Especially in Developing Countries
		Inclusion of Deprived Children and Ensuring Justice for All Children
		Homeless Children
		Migrant Children
		Children as Domestic Workers
		Street Child
		Child Rights and Just Society for Sustainable Development
		Barriers to Establishing the Child Rights, Justice, and Inclusion of Deprived Children
		Policy Recommendations for a Better Situation
		Cross-References
		References
	Entrepreneurship
	Environmental Democracy for a Just and Peaceful Society
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Environmental Democracy: The Litigation Layer
		Environmental Democracy: The Contemporary Elected Governments Layer
		Environmental Democracy: The Intergenerational Layer
		Environmental Democracy: The Role of Democratic Institutions
		To Conclude
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Justice: Emergence to Implementation and Its Relation with SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Environmental Justice Movements
			Environmental Justice Movements in Nations
			Global Environmental Justice Movements
		Conceptions of Justice in Environmental Justice, and Its Relation with SDGs
			Distributive Approach
			``Environmental Justice´´: A Concept Beyond the Distributional Paradigm
				Recognition
				Participation and Procedural Approach
				Capabilities
			Does Environmental Justice Include Ecological Justice?
			Sustainable Development as a Means of Improving Environmental Justice
			Environmental Justice in United Nation´s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		How Environmental Justice Could Be Implemented?
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Mediation: Definition and Design
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Context and Objectives
		Environmental Conflicts
			Categories
			Characteristics
		Environmental Mediation Process
			Procedure Features
			Process Start-up
			Overall Mediation Process Design
			Proposal for Mediation Stages
		Future Challenges
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Movements
	Environmental Value
	Eradication
	Ethnic Conflict and the UN Sustainable Development Goals
		Definition
		Introduction
		Ethnic Conflict
		Traditions/Theories of Ethnic Conflict
			Essentialism
			Constructivism
			Instrumentalism
			Institutionalism
			Realism
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Ethnocentrism
	Extortion
F
	Fraud
	Free and Fair Elections to Electoral Integrity: Trends, Challenges, and Populism
		Definitions
		Democracy and Elections: Broader Framework - Peace, Human Rights, and Development
		The Importance of Elections
		Elections in Postviolent Conflict
			Time and Sequencing of Elections
		Legal Basis in UN Treaties
		International Electoral Standards
		United Nations Electoral Assistance
			Evolution
			Electoral Assistance Within the UN
				Elections as Political Events
			Electoral Assistance Within UN Peace Missions
			International and UN Agencies Providing Electoral Assistance Today
		The Electoral Cycle Approach
		Electoral Observation: Popularity Versus Limited Scope
			Declaration of Principles and Code of Conduct
			Role: Credibility at the International Level
			Domestic Observation
		Electoral Integrity
		New Challenges to Elections and Democracy: Populism
		Cross-References
		References
	Freedom of Artistic Expression Through the Lens of the Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction
			International Legal Frameworks for Artistic Freedom
			Challenges to Artistic Freedom Worldwide
			Resources for Artists
		Concluding Summary
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Fundamental Shift in Patterns of Regulation
G
	Game Theory: Towards an Understanding of the Logic of Justice, Peace, and Institutions
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Game Theory
			The Prisoners´ Dilemma
			Elaborate Tools of Game Theory
			Understanding Strategic Negotiation
		Towards an Understanding of Peace, Justice, and the Role of Institutions
			Peace and Justice
			Peace and the Role of Institutions
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Approaches to Punishment and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		War Crimes Trials
		International Tribunals
			The ICTY
			The ICTR
			The ICC
		Hybrid Tribunals
			The ECCC
		National Tribunals
		Beyond Punishment: Restorative Justice Mechanisms
		Discussion: Global Approaches to Punishment and the SDGs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Governance, Multi-actor Cooperation, and Civil Society
		Definition
		Introduction
		Key Issues
			Forms of Global Governance
			Actors in Global Governance
		Current Directions: On the Role of Global Civil Society
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Information Justice
	Good Governance
	Good Governance to Nexus Governance in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Governance Concepts Applicable to Nexus
		Key Enablers of Nexus Governance
			Political (Cultural) and Institutional Context
			A Common Language, Shared Understanding, and Shared Principles
			Participation and Stakeholder Analysis - Open and Inclusive
			Negotiation of Trade-Offs and Increasing Synergies Through Multilevel Governance
			Questions of Scope and Scale
			Flexibility, Sharing of Information, and Mutual Learning in an Iterative Process That Is Supported by Robust Monitoring
			Transparency, Accountability, Access to Information, and Rights-Based Approaches
			Multisectoral Financing and Investment Planning
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Governance
	Governance Beyond the State
	Governance of Traditional Local Institutions and Achieving SDG16
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Institution
			Strong Institutions or ``Good Governance´´
		What Are Traditional, Indigenous, or Informal Institutions?
			The Jurisdiction of Traditional Local Institutions
		How Traditional Local Institutions Govern
		The Way Forward with Traditional Local Institutions and Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Grassroots Political Movement to Achieve SDGs in Developing Countries
		Definition(s)
		Introduction
			Why Does SDG1 Matter to Local Government?
			Why Does SDG2 Matter to Local Government?
			Why Does SDG 5 Matter to the Local Government?
			Why Does SDG6 Matter to Local Government?
			Why Does SDG13 Matter to Local Government?
			Why Does SDG16 Matter to Local Government?
		Grassroots Political Movements: Present Scenario
		In Quest of Strong Local Government
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
H
	Housing Discrimination
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Racial and Ethnic Segregation in Housing
		Multitude of Housing Discrimination Forms
			Access to Housing Rights
			Enjoyment of Housing Rights
			Termination of Housing Rights
		Main Concerns and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Housing Exclusion
	Housing Segregation
	Human Trafficking
	Human Trafficking and the Sustainable Development Goals: Building on Solid Ground
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Addressing Human Trafficking Through International Law
		Definitional Issues
		The 3P Paradigm to Addressing Human Trafficking
			Prevention
			Prosecution
			Protection
			Cross-Cutting Obligations
		Counting Cases: Missing the Woods for the Tree
		Conclusion
		References
I
	Identify
	Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities and Its Consequences on the SDGs
		Definitions
		The Antiquities Market
			The Relevance of Archaeological Objects
		Understanding the Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities
			The Process
			Source
			Transportation and Trade (Transit)
		An Example Case
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Immanent Justice: Concept and Implications
		Definition
		Introduction
		Justice
		Challenging the Immanence of Justice
		Immanent Justice Research
		Immanent Justice Reasoning in Adults
		Belief in a Just World
		Contemporary Notions Underpinned by Immanent Justice Thinking
		The Sustainable Development Goal of Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Immorality
	Impact of Climate Justice and Climate Change Cost Distribution on SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Climate Duties: A Thumbnail Sketch of Three Distributive Principles
			Distributive Principle I: The Polluter Pays Principle
			Distributive Principle II: The Equal per Capita Principle
			Distributive Principle III: The Ability to Pay Principle
		Political Institutions for the UN Sustainable Development Goal 16
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Impact of Good Governance on Disaster Risk Management
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		SDG 16 as an Enabling Factor of Disaster Risk Management
		The Preparedness Pathway
		The Response Pathway
		The Rehabilitation Pathway
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Impurity
	Inclusive Governance
	Indigenous Ecological Knowledge
	Indigenous Institutions
	Indigenous Juridical Systems
	Indigenous Peoples: Conflict, Peace, and Resolution
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Prevention of Conflict
			The Right to Self-Determination and Self-Governance
			The Principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent
		Access to Justice
			Indigenous Juridical Systems
		Restorative Justice
		Processes of Peace and Reconciliation
			Means for the Redress of Indigenous Peoples
			The Role of Truth and Reconciliation Processes: The Truth Commissions
		Final Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Inequality
	Influencing
	Inform
	Informal Concepts
	Informal Institutional Capital
	Informal Institutional Qualities
	Informal Rules
	Information Justice
	Informational Justice: Equity of Access, Implementation, and Interaction
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Foundations of Informational Justice
			Justice
			Information Availability and Global Human Rights
			Libraries and International Development Initiatives
			Informational Justice Within Organizations
			Technology and Informational Justice
		Beyond Distributive Justice and Access to Information
			Freedom and Open Information
			Capitalism and Commodification
			Information Literacy
			Fissures in Open Access Solutions
			Agents of Information
			User Control and Participation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Inspiring
	Instability
	Institution Building
	Institutional Innovation for Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
		How Do Institutions Change and Why? New Institutionalism Approach
		Sustainability Transitions scholarship and why Institutional Innovation is key
		Best Practices and Challenges of Institutional Innovation for Sustainability
			Global, National, Regional, and Local Level
			Public, Private, Third and Fourth Sectors
		Conclusions and Future Directions to Adapting and Transforming Institutions in a Changing World: Implications to the SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Institutional Partnership
	Institutions
	Insurgency and Its Impact on the Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Effects on Economic Sustainability
		Effects on Society, Development, and Politics
		Effects on Life, Properties, and Settlements
		Effects on Health and Living Condition
		Effects on Education
		Effects on Peace and Security
		Sustainable Counterinsurgency Operation
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Insurgents
	Integration
	Interactive Governance
	Interest Articulation
	Internal
	International Collaboration
	International Human Rights Conventions
	International Human Rights Treaties and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Treaties in International Law
			Sources of International Law
			Definition of Treaty
			Nature of Treaty-Created Obligations
			Elements of a Treaty
			Validity, Creation Process, Respect by Parties, and Structure of Treaties
		International Human Rights Treaties
			Human Rights and International Human Rights Treaties
			The Relevance of International Human Rights Treaties and the Core Treaties of IHRL
			IHRL Treaties´ Characteristics
			IHRL Treaties and the SDG
		Cross-References
		References
	International Resistance Networks for Anti-corruption: Multi-stakeholder Mechanisms
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Anti-corruption and Sustainable Development Goals
		Corruption Resistance Framework
			Institutional Efforts for Implementing Anti-corruption Initiatives
			Stakeholder´s Engagement for Supporting Anti-corruption Initiatives
			Power of Access to Information for Supporting Anti-corruption Programs
		International Corruption Resistance Networks
			The United Nations (UN)
			The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
			Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
			European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF)
			Transparency International (TI)
			The World Bank Group (WBG)
		Normative and Reporting Instruments of Anti-corruption
			Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
			International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
		National-Level Corruption Resistance Initiatives
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Internet
	Internet of Things
	Inter-sectoral Governance
	Intractable
	Isolationism
J
	Jingoism
	Joined-Up Government
	Justice
L
	Leaders and Followers
	Leadership
	Leadership and Sustainable Development: Perspectives, Principles, and Practices
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Selected Sustainability Practices
			Practice 1: Inspire a Sustainable, Shared Vision
			Practice 2: Build an Accountable, Clear, and Trusting Work Ecosystem
			Practice 3: Innovate to Build Sustainability
			Practice 4: Manage Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity
		Change Management Approaches for Leading Change
			The Impact of Change and Why Change Management Is Important
			Leading Strategic Change and Leadership Styles
			Key Drivers of Strategic Change Leadership
			Selected Individual and Organizational Change Management Models
			The Role of Psychology, Values, and Culture in Change
			Learning and Leading for Future Success
		Principles That Govern the Sustainable Leader
			Principle 1: Esteem the Value of Candour and Frankness
			Principle 2: Exercise Personal Humility and Ambition
			Principle 3: Act with Authenticity
			Principle 4: Care for Others
		Concluding Synthesis
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Leading
	Legal Aid: Promoting Sustainable Development Through Greater Access to Justice
		Definition
		Introduction
		Contribution of Legal Aid to Sustainable Development
		Criminal Legal Aid
		Civil Legal Aid
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Legal Framework
	Legal Obligations of Non-state Armed Groups and Sustainable Development Goal 16
		Synonyms
		Definition
		From Conflicts to ``Just, Peaceful and Inclusive Societies´´/``Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions´´: Where Do Nonstate Arm...
		What Is the Scope of Non-state Armed Groups´ Obligations in International Humanitarian Law (IHL)?
		What Is the Scope of Non-state Armed Groups´ Obligations in International Human Rights Law (IHRL)?
		How Do Non-state Armed Groups´ International Humanitarian Law Obligations Relate to SDG 16 Targets?
		Practical Challenges: Ensuring and Enforcing Compliance
			Engagement with Nonstate Armed Groups to Induce Compliance with International Law
			Enforcement of International Law vis-à-vis Nonstate Armed Groups
		Cross-References
		References
	Linking New and Protracted Conflicts to SDG16: Patterns and Trends
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		New Violent Conflicts
		Protracted Violent Conflicts
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Local Ecological knowledge
	Local Governance
		Definition
		From Government to Governance
		Local Autonomy
		Networks and Actors
		Good Urban Governance
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Local Leadership
	Local Leadership: Types and Functions
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Types of Local Leadership
		Authoritative Local Leaders
		Informal (Social) Local Leadership
		Functions of Local Leadership
			Bringing Integrity
			Engagement
			Equity and Inclusion
			Effectiveness
			Resilience and Development
			Strategic Leadership
			Planning
			Policy
			Community and Resident Service
			Service Delivery
			Technological Literacy
			Financial Management and Budgeting
			Workforce Engagement and Management
			Communication
			Conflict Mediation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Long
	Loyalism
M
	Mass Atrocities: Definition and Relationship with Development
		Definition
		Introduction
		Defining Mass Atrocities
			Historical Development of the Concept of Mass Atrocity
			The Breadth of Mass Atrocity Crimes
			Mass Atrocity as an Umbrella Category of International Crimes
		Exploring the Relationship Between Mass Atrocities and Development
			Mass Atrocities´ Destructive Impact on Individual, Societal, and Regional Development
			Mass Atrocities´ Prevention Through Sustainable Development
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Measuring Governance to Achieve Sustainable Development: Promises and Challenges
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Measuring SDG 16: A Framework
		The Challenge of Measuring and Monitoring Progress on Specific SDG 16 Targets
		Future Directions: The Political Economy of Measuring Governance
		Cross-References
		References
	Mediation
	Mental Health
	Misrepresentation
	Modern Slavery
	Moral
	Moving Toward an Informative and Transparent Justice System
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Legal Basis
		Access to Justice
		The Rule of Law Index
		The Danish Legal System
		The Length of Proceedings
		Independence of the Judiciary
		Access to Legal Aid
		Mediation and Judicial Settlement
		Conclusion
		References
	Multilateral and Unilateral Sanctions: Compliance and Challenges
		Synonyms
		Definition
		General Background on Sanctions
		The Difference Between Unilateral and Multilateral Sanctions
			UN Security Council Sanctions Based on Chapter VII of the UN Charter
			Refining Sanctions from ``Global´´ to ``Targeted and Smart´´
			Implementing ``Targeted and Smart´´ Sanctions Under Rule of Law Requirements
			Legal Tension Between the Multilateral Level and the Regional/National Level
			Sanctions-Related Administrative and Criminal Penalties
			The Cumbersome Compliance Challenge for Globalized Private Commerce
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Multilevel Governance
	Multisectoral Governance
N
	Nationalism
	Nations and Nationalism
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Empirical Theories of Nations
			Primordialism
			Modernist Explanations
			Ethno-symbolism
		Normative Theories of Nations
		Gender and Nation-States
		Multiculturalism and Nationhood
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Native Communities
	Nepotism
	Network Governance
	New Technologies Impact on Conflicts
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		What Is New About New Technologies?
		New Technologies and the Cycle of Violent Conflicts
			Early Warning
			During Conflict
				Parties in Conflict
				Vulnerable Communities
			Post-Conflict
			Conflict Prevention
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Non-aggression Pacts: Reducing the Risk of Armed Conflict and Improving Global Cooperation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Effect of Non-aggression Pacts
			Reducing the Risk of Future Conflict
			Establishing Diplomatic Relations
			Signaling a Reduced Risk of Conflict to Third-Party States
		Historical View on Non-aggression Pacts
			Non-aggression Pacts Before 1945
			Non-aggression Pacts After 1945
			Non-aggression Pacts in Recent Years
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Nongovernmental Armed Groups
	Non-state Parties to Conflict
O
	Open Government: Conceptual Underpinnings, Benefits, and Relationship with SDGs
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Development of Open Government Concept
		Building Blocks of Open Government
			Transparency
			Participation
			Collaboration
			Technology
			Accountability
			Regulation and Law
		Open Government and Sustainable Development Goals
		Benefits of Open Government
			Improved Government Performance
			Improved Governance
			Trust Building
			Public Value
			Effective Democracy
			Economic Externalities
		Challenges of Open Government: Some Policy Recommendations
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Organizational Culture
	Organized Armed Groups
P
	Participation
	Participation and Accountability
	Participatory Governance
	Partnership Paradigm
	Patriotism
	Peace Corps and Its Contribution Towards the Sustainable Development Goals
		Definition
		Overview
		Origin and Evolution of Peace Corps
		Sustainable Development Goal and Peace Corps
		Global Outreach of Peace Corps
		Asia
		Africa
		North Africa and the Middle East
		South America
		International Policies for Promoting Sustainable Peace and Development
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace Education: History, Features, and Effectiveness
		Definition
		Introduction
		A Brief History of Peace Education
			The United Nations and Peace Education
		Basic Features, Approaches, and Content of Peace Education
			The Content of Peace Education
			The Different Branches of Peace Education
		Evaluating Peace Education: Effectiveness and Challenges
			Challenges to Peace Education
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Peace Journalism and Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Peace Journalism in Conflict Management
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Peacebuilding
	Penal Abolition
	Plurals of Citizenship: Instruments for Inclusion
		Definitions
		Plural Citizenship: An Open Concept
			From National Citizenship to Plurals of Citizenship
				Changes in the Criteria for Citizenship
				Citizenship Contested
			Changes in the Understanding of Citizenship
			Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Political Inclusion and Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		``Whose´´ Inclusion/Exclusion?
			Inclusion and Liberal Pluralism
			Inclusion and Republicanism
			Inclusion and Difference Democrats
		``How´´ Does Inclusion Work?
			The Aggregative Model
			The Deliberative Model
			Direct and Representative Models of Inclusion
		Inclusion and the State
		Democracy´s Self-Defense
		Inclusion and Sustainability
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Political Instability
	Political Participation: Inclusion of Citizens in Democratic Opinion-Forming and Decision-Making Processes
		Definition
		Democracy and Citizenship
			Systemic Preconditions for Political Participation
			Citizenship
		Types of Political Participation
			Conventional Participation
				Voting
				Participating in Political Parties
				Campaigning
				Formal Conventional Political Participation
				Informal Conventional Political Participation
			Unconventional Political Participation
				Forms of Protest
				E-Participation
		Requirements for Successful Political Participation in Decision- Making
		Who Participates?
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Political Party Followers
	Political Pluralism to Address the Sustainable Development Goals
		Definition
		The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and Political Pluralism
		Political Pluralism: Origins and Contested Meanings
		Governing Pluralism
		Value Pluralism
		Cross-References
		References
	Political Trust in International Relations
		Definitions
		Introduction
		What Is Political Trust?
		Approaches to the Study of Political Trust
		Political Trust in World Politics and the Sustainable Development Goals
			Trust in NGOs
			Trust Between Great Powers
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Political Turmoil
	Political Unrest: Factors and Impact
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Youth Bulge Theory
		Technology and Economic Conditions
		Regime Type and Religion Related to Political Unrest
		Some Significant Factors of Political Unrest
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Political Violence
	Post-conflict Restoration
	Postconflict Risk: The Path from Violence to Sustaining Peace
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Postconflict Situations and Postconflict Risk, the Challenges Towards Sustainable Peace and Development
			Postconflict Risk and Conflict Recurrence
			Postconflict Risk: Causes and Drivers of Conflicts
				Greed and Grievance
				Recurrent Cycles of Conflicts
			Postconflict Risk and ``Causes of Peace´´
				Institutionalization Before Liberalization
				Negative and Positive Peace
				Quality of Peace
			The UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development - A Change of Paradigm to Address Postconflict Risk
				SDG 16 Targets and Crucial Issues for Postconflict Risk Mitigation
				The ``Sustaining Peace´´ Concept and Implications for Peace-building in Postconflict Settings
				Local Ownership and Inclusivity in Peace-Building
				Implementation of SDGs in Postconflict Settings
				Path Forward: Priority to the Prevention of Conflicts
		Cross-References
		References
	Post-development
	Post-development Alternatives: Enduring Debates in Development Paradigms
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Post-development Paradigms
		Reimagining Development Alternatives
		Criticism of Post-development Theory
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Poverty
	Pre-trial Detainees
	Prison Abolition
	Prison Abolition Movement
	Prison Abolition: Justice and Sustainable Development Through Alternatives to the Carceral State
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Origins of Modern Policing and the Carceral State
		Mass Incarceration and Environmental Injustice
		Water
		Food
		Chemical Warfare
		``Green Prisons´´ as Sustainable Development Solutions?
		Prison Abolition or Reform?
		Conclusion
		References
	Prisoner´s Dilemma Situations in Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Narratives
		Background
		Theory
			The Nash Equilibrium of the Prisoner´s Dilemma
			The Nash Equilibrium of the Public Goods Game
			Repeated Play
		Experiments and Simulations
		The Prisoner´s Dilemma as a Mechanism
		Breaking the Dilemma
			External Enforcement
			Privatization of Common Pool Resources
			Self-Regulation
		Outlook
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Privacy
	Protection of Civilians: Reducing Risk and Building Resilience through SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Protection of Civilians in Context
		Prevention of Armed Conflict: Reduction of Risk and Vulnerability
		Humanitarian Action and Civilian Protection Partnerships
		Building Resilience Through the Agenda 2030
			Food Security and Availability of Water and Sanitation
			Health and Well-Being
			Access to Education
			Inclusive, Safe, Resilient, and Sustainable Human Settlements and Cities
			Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women and Girls
		The Promotion of Peaceful and Inclusive Societies
		References
	Protection of the Civilian Population
	Protests
	Public Access to Information for Sustainable Development
		Definition
		Introduction
		Public Access to Information as Right and Privacy
		Access to Information Laws in Countries
		Privacy Laws Across Countries and Big Data
		Why Is Public Information Access Important for the SDG 16?
		Combat and Prevent Corruption
		Environmental Protection and Health Care as Related Dimensions
		Poverty Eradication
		Information Governance Is Necessary
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
R
	Rebel Groups
	Recognition
	Re-contextualizing SDG Implementation Under Political Instability and Growth of Populism
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sustainable Development Goals Implementation and Populism Nexus
		Sustainable Policy-Making Challenges in the Context of Political Instability
		Patterns of Ideological Instability and Postglobalization Wave
		Ideological Instability, Populism, and Environmental Sustainability
		The Stable Political Environment Which Fosters Sustainable Growth
		Quality of Accountable Governance and Transparency
		Mindset Renewal and Behavioral Change
		Geo-economics and Geopolitical Vulnerability Differences
		Policy, Practical, and Theoretical Implications of Populism on SDGs Implementation
		Conclusions
		References
	Regulation
	Regulatory Agencies
	Regulatory Governance and Its Significance in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Defining Regulation and Theoretical Approaches
		Conceptualizing Regulatory Governance: Variations in Public Discussions and Academic Disciplines
		Standard-Setting of Good Regulatory Governance
		Evaluating the Challenges of Regulatory Reform
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Regulatory Paradigm Shift for Social Peace and Justice
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Weak Institutions and Weak Paradigms
		Strong Institutions and Strong Paradigms
		Compromising of the Strong and the Weak
		Strong Institutions and Weak Paradigms
		Weak Institutions and Strong Paradigms
		The Paradigm Shift
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Relative Deprivation and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Definition(s)
		Introduction
		Understanding Relative Deprivation
		Relative Deprivation: Forms, Patterns, and Dimensions
		Root Causes and Consequences of Relative Deprivation
		Critique of Relative Deprivation
		Final Concluding Considerations on Relative Deprivation and the SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Reparation
	Representation
	Resolving Belt and Road Initiative Disputes Through Mediation
		Definition
		Introduction
		Dispute Settlement Mechanism for the Belt and Road: The Proposal
		Enforcement of Settlement Agreement Resulting from Mediation
		Conclusion
		References
	Restitution
	Restorative Justice
	Restorative Justice: Emergence, Institutionalization, and Critiques
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Overview
		Emergence of Restorative Justice [Background]
			The State as Victim
			Retribution Imposed and Delivered by the State
			Limitations of Criminal Justice Systems
			State Responsibility Versus Community Responsibility for Well-Being
		Restorative Justice Processes and Practices
			``Families´´ of Restorative Justice Practices
				Facilitated Indirect Dialogue (Victim and Offender)
				Facilitated Direct Dialogue (Victim and Offender)
				Facilitated Group Dialogue
				Directed or Arbitrated Group Dialogue
			Intended Outcomes
				Outcomes for Victims
				Outcomes for Offenders
				Outcomes for the Community
		Institutionalization of Restorative Justice
		Critiques of Restorative Justice
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Retributive Justice
	Right to Information
	Rivalry
	Rule of Law and the UN Sustainable Development Goals
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conclusion: Does SDG 16 Help Uphold the Rule of Law?
		Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
S
	Secession: Reasons, Relevance, and Exemplified Conflicts
		Definition
		The Reasons for Secessionist Conflict and General Problems of Secession
		The ``Traditional´´ Approach to Secessionist Conflict
		The Relevance of a Territoriality in a Secessionist Conflict
		The Relevance of a Secessionist Referendum
		``Remedial Secession´´ as an Ultima Ratio?
		Some Historic Examples in Relation to Secessionist Conflict (State Practice)
			Eritrea/Ethiopia
			Bangladesh/Pakistan
			Quebec/Canada
			Kosovo/Serbia
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Entrepreneurship
	Social Entrepreneurship Toward a Sustainable Peacebuilding
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Violent Conflict: Economic and Social Antecedents
		Social Entrepreneurship: Toward a Sustainable Peacebuilding
		Economic Value Creation for Vulnerable
		Social Value Creation
		Toward a Sustainable Peacebuilding
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Justice
	Social Media Impact on Arab Spring: The Case of Egypt and Yemen
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Social Media
		Arab Spring
			The Case of Egypt
			The Case of Yemen
		Social Media Impact on Egypt and Yemen Uprisings
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Value
	Social Venture
	Social Ventures for Sustainability
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Dimension of Social Venture
			Social Dimensions
			Economic Mission
			Environmental Mission
		Types of Social Venture
		Social Venture, Social Inclusion, and Social Justice
		Social Venture and Sustainability
			Viable Mission
			Stakeholders´ Centric Parameters
			Innovative/Standing Out
			Exploring the Untapped Market
			Stakeholder Relationship
			Financially Viable
			Look Before You Leap
			Ethical Consideration
		Future Directions
		References
	Spatial Segregation: The Persistent and Structural Features of Exclusionary Policies
		Definition
		What Spatial Segregation Is and Is Not
		Enforced Segregation
		Structural Segregation
			Socioeconomic Factors and Mobility
			(De)Industrialization, Migration, and Urban Changes
			Knowledge on Spatial Segregation and Its Impact on Public Policy
		Scope of Further Research on Spatial Segregation
		Cross-References
		References
	Stakeholders Involvement
	State-Building
	Strategic Interaction
	Strong Institutions
	Strong Institutions for Territorial Justice
		Definition
		Introduction
		Uneven Spatial Distribution of Environmental Burdens
		The Sustainable Development Paradox
		The Role of the Courts
		Insufficient Judicial Protection
		International and Supranational Legal Instruments to Prevent Territorial Injustice
		Geospatial Knowledge for Territorial Justice
		Strong Institutions for Territorial Justice
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Strong, Transparent Public Institutions and Meta-governance
		Definition
		Introduction
		Public Institutions, Transparency, Governance, and Meta-governance
		Meta-governance and the Governance of Public Institutions
		Dynamic Meta-governance Mechanisms Contribute to Institutional Change
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Sustainability
	Sustainable Development
	Systemic Oppression and Geographical Dispositions
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Refugees and Internally Displaced People (IDP): An Enduring Concern for the UN Sustainable Development Goals
			War as a Systemic Oppression
			Major Refugee Flows After the Second World War
			The First Stage of Spatial Displacement: The Origin of Conflict and the Relevance of SDG 16
			The Second Stage in Spatial Displacement: SDGs and Global Interventions
			The Third Stage in the Spatial Displacement: Dilemmas in Repatriation
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
T
	Technical Cooperation
	Toni
	Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): A Strategic Resource for Tribal Communities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Common Understanding
			Tribal Communities
			Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
			Resource of Sustainable Development through Competitiveness Enhancement
		Knowing the Connections
			Tribal Communities and TEK
			Tribal Communities, TEK, and SDG 16
		TEK: A Resource of Sustainable Development for Tribal Communities
		Concluding Comments
		Cross-References
		References
	Traditional Environmental Knowledge
	Traditional Leaders
	Trafficking in Human Beings
	Trafficking in Persons
	Training
	Transformative Outcomes: The Use of Social Impact Measurement
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Developments in Social Impact Measurement
		How to Measure: Building a Social Impact Measurement Approach
		What to Measure: Identifying MeasurementIndicators
		Multi-stakeholder Approach
		Monitoring and Reporting
		Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Transitional Justice
	Transitional Justice and the Sustainable Development Goals: Towards a Complementary Approach
		Definition
		Introduction
		Origins and Aims of Transitional Justice
		The Four Elements of Transitional Justice
			Truth
			Justice
			Reparations
			Guarantees of Non-recurrence
			Connections with SDG 16
		Transitional Justice and Sustainable Development: Making Connections
			Integrated Conceptual Framework
			Integrated Practical Framework
				Changing Status Quo Thinking
				Integrated Funding and Programming/Increased Collaboration and Knowledge-Sharing
				Understanding Boundaries and Context
				Increased Participation of Those Affected
				Measuring Impact of Work
		Challenges That May Arise when Development and Transitional Justice Are Not Pursued in a Mutually Reinforcing Manner: The Sout...
		Conclusion and Ways Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Transnational Organized Crime and UN Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Understanding Transnational Organized Crime
		Countering Transnational Organized Crime
		UN Sustainable Development Goals and Transnational Organized Crime
		The Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic and New Forms of Transnational Organized Crime
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Transparency
	Transparency in Institutions: Critical Factor for Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			Transparent Institutions Pave the Way for the Just Society
			What Brings Transparency in Institutions?
				Empowering People and Good Governance
				Communication
			Transparency: Responsiveness and Empowerment
			Transparency in Institutions Across the Spectrum of Life
				Civil Society/NGOs/Religious/Charitable Institutions
		Transparency and Accountability in Government Institutions: State Actors and Role of Principal-Agent
		Supreme Audit Institution: Enforcing Accountability and Transparency in Government Institutions
		Role of Some International and Multilateral Institutions for Cooperation: A Transverse Approach
		Right to Information and Keeping Check on Corruption: Critical Contributor
		Good Governance and Upholding of Human Rights: Key Outcomes of Transparency in Institutions
		Conclusion
			Roadblocks
			Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Transparent Governments, Social Innovation, and Their Role in Achieving the SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Government and Governance
		Actors: Participation and Accountability
			Auditing the Sustainable Development Goals
			Combating Corruption
			E-Participation and Citizen Engagement
		Facilitation: Digital Government
			E-Government
			Open Government Data and Services
			World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
		Values: Institution Building
		Partnerships: Public Service Innovation Transformation
		From Global to National to Regional to Local: The Growing Relevance of Cities and Urban Development
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Treaties of Friendship
	Treaties of Non-belligerency
	Tribal Peoples
	Trust
	Trust and e-Government
	Truth and Reconciliation
U
	Underdevelopment
	Unethical Behavior
	United Nations: Past, Present, and Future Challenges
		Definitions
		From the Shadow of War to the Dawn of New Times: From the League of Nations to the United Nations
		The Foundation of a New Era: The United Nations and the Multipolar Perspective
		From the General Assembly to the ECOSOC
			General Assembly
			Security Council
			General Secretariat
			International Court of Justice
			Economic and Social Council
			Trusteeship Council
			The United Nations System
		Final Words
		Cross-References
		References
	Unscrupulousness
	Unsentenced Detainees: Socioeconomic Burdens of Pre-trial Detention
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Poverty as a Cause of Pre-trial Detention
		Poverty as an Effect of Pre-trial Detention
			Health (Goal 3, in Particular Target 3.3)
			Gender Equality (Goal 5, in Particular Targets 16.3 and 16.B)
			Employment (Goal 8)
			Universal Education for All (Goal 4)
		Efficiency of the Justice System
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
V
	Victim Offender Dialogue
	Violent Extremism: Types, Implications, and Responses
		Definition(s)
		Introduction
		Understanding Violent Extremism
		Types of Violent Extremism
		Effects of Violent Extremism
		Root Causes of Violent Extremism
		Recruitment
		Responses to Violent Extremism
			Violent Extremism and the SDGs
		Problematic Practices and Effects of CVE/PVE
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Vocalization
W
	Water, Energy, Food Resource Challenges in Migration: Role of Informal Institutions
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		``Formal´´ and ``Informal´´ Institutions Dipole on the Development Process
			Informal Institutional Capacity in the Context of Managing WEF Resources Under Migration Crises
				Recent Migration Trends
				Water Stresses and Migration
				Energy and Migration
				Food Security and Migration
		The Interface Between Formal and Informal Institutions
		Cross-References
		References
	Well-Being
	Witchcraft
	Witchery
	Witch-Hunting
	Witch-Hunting: A Mute Atrocity Against Indigenous Women
		Synonymous
		Definitions
		Introduction
			Indigenous Communities in the World
				The Magnitude of Indigenous Communities in India
		Position of Women in Indigenous Communities
		Witch-Hunting
			The Practice of Witchery Around the Globe
				American Countries
				European Countries
				African Countries
				Asian Countries
			Witchcraft in the Indigenous Community of India
			Cultural Roots of Witchcraft Practice
			Witchcraft and Its Relation with Female Gender
			Gender and Inheritance Laws in Tribal Communities in India
		The Phenomenology of Witch-Hunting Practice
			The Social Process of Labeling Witch
				Labeling Theory
			Sociological Theory of Mob-Lynching
				The Process of Othering
			Characteristics of the Crowd from the Lens of Sociologists
			The Psychological Theory Explaining Mob Violence
			Witchery: From the Eyes of Psychiatry
			The Motives Behind Witchery
			Who Are Vulnerable to Be Labeled a Witch or Dayan?
			Legislation Against Witch-Hunting in India
			Perpetuating Factors Behind Witch-Hunting
		Witch-Hunting Practice and Its Relevance with Sustainable Development Goal-16
		Summary and Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Women in Decision-Making Positions in Politics, Business, Land Ownership, and Peacebuilding
		Definition
		Introduction
		Positions of Women in Decision-Making and SDGs
		Women in Political Decision-Making
			Status Quo
			Barriers for Participation of Women in Political Decision-Making Positions
			The Way Forward
		Women in Business Decision-Making
			Status Quo
			Barriers for Participation of Women in Business Decision-Making Positions
			The Way Forward
		Women in Land Ownership and Decision-Making
			Status Quo
			Barriers for Participation of Women in Land Ownership and Decision-Making Positions
			The Way Forward
		Women in Peacebuilding Decision-Making
			Status Quo
			Barriers for Participation of Women in Peacebuilding Decision-Making Positions
			Participation of Women in Peacebuilding Decision-Making Positions
				Case of Zimbabwe
				Case of Iraq
				Case of Sri Lanka
		Conclusion
		References
	World Wide Web
X
	Xenophobia
Y
	Youth