Parasitic Flatworms: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Immunology and Physiology

Contents......Page 5
The Editors......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
PART I. TAXONOMY AND PRINCIPAL GENERA......Page 17
1 Structure and Classification......Page 19
1.1. Introduction......Page 20
1.2. General Morphology......Page 21
1.3. Life Cycle Stages......Page 39
1.4. Feeding Groups......Page 42
1.5. Classification of Plant-parasitic Nematodes......Page 43
1.6. Common Morphometric Abbreviations......Page 48
2 Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogeny......Page 49
2.2. Species Concepts and Delimiting Species in Nematology......Page 50
2.3. Phylogeny and Classification......Page 51
2.4. Molecular Techniques......Page 52
2.5. Genes Used for Molecular Systematics......Page 61
2.7. Phylogenetic Inference......Page 63
2.8. Reconstruction of Historical Associations......Page 66
2.10. Examples of Molecular Phylogenies......Page 67
3 Root-knot Nematodes......Page 75
3.2. Life Cycle and Behaviour......Page 76
3.3. Host Response to Parasitism......Page 79
3.4. Post-infection Biology......Page 82
3.6. Survival......Page 84
3.7. Cytogenetics......Page 85
3.8. General Morphology......Page 87
3.9. Principal Species......Page 89
3.10. Biochemical and Molecular Identification......Page 101
3.11. Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens......Page 102
3.12. Management and Control......Page 104
4 Cyst Nematodes......Page 107
4.2. Life Cycle and Behaviour......Page 108
4.3. The Hatching Process......Page 114
4.4. General Morphology of the Subfamily Heteroderinae......Page 115
4.5. Genera and Principal Species......Page 119
4.6. Pathotypes and Races......Page 129
4.7. Biochemical and Molecular Diagnosis......Page 131
4.8. Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens......Page 134
4.9. Management and Control......Page 136
5 Migratory Endoparasitic Nematodes......Page 139
5.1. Introduction to Migratory Endoparasitic Nematodes......Page 140
5.2. The Pratylenchids: Lesion, Burrowing and Rice Root Nematodes......Page 141
5.3. Anguinids and the Stem and Bulb Nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci......Page 154
5.4. Plant-parasitic Aphelenchs......Page 158
6 Ectoparasitic Nematodes......Page 169
6.2. Definition of Ectoparasites/Ectoparasitism......Page 170
6.4. Tylenchina (Chromadorea, Chromadoria)......Page 171
6.5. Enoplea......Page 182
6.6. Biochemical and Molecular Diagnostics......Page 195
6.7. Ectoparasitic Nematodes as Vectors of Plant Viruses......Page 197
6.8. Management......Page 198
PART II. NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PLANT RESPONSES......Page 201
7 Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry......Page 203
7.1. Reproduction and Development......Page 204
7.2. Musculature and Neurobiology......Page 208
7.3. Biosynthesis......Page 210
7.4. Respiration and Intermediary Metabolism......Page 214
7.5. Osmotic and Ionic Regulation and Excretion......Page 216
7.6. Survival Strategies......Page 218
8 Behaviour and Sensory Perception......Page 226
8.1. Sense Organs or Sensilla......Page 227
8.2. Undulatory Propulsion......Page 229
8.3. Random Movement......Page 234
8.4. Movement in Response to Stimuli......Page 238
8.5. Other Types of Movement and Behaviour......Page 249
9.1. Nematode Parasitism of Plants......Page 250
9.2. Invasion and Migration......Page 253
9.3. Wound and Defence Responses of the Plant......Page 256
9.4. Protection from Host Responses......Page 257
9.5. Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Nematode Feeding Cells......Page 258
9.6. Nematode Signals for Feeding Site Induction......Page 265
9.8. Resistance and Avirulence Genes......Page 268
10 Genetic Engineering for Resistance......Page 271
10.1. Targets in the Nematode–Plant Interaction for Engineered Resistance......Page 272
10.2. Past and Present Engineered Resistance Work......Page 273
10.3. The Need for Promoters......Page 281
10.4. The Role of Reporter Genes......Page 282
10.6. The Research Approach to Engineer Resistance......Page 283
10.7. The Future......Page 288
PART III. QUANTITATIVE NEMATOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT......Page 289
11 Plant Growth and Population Dynamics......Page 291
11.3. Predictors of Yield Reduction......Page 292
11.4. Different Response Variables of Nematodes......Page 294
11.5. Stem Nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci)......Page 295
11.6. Root-invading Nematodes......Page 296
11.7. Effect of Nematicides......Page 309
11.8. Validation of the Model......Page 310
11.9. Population Dynamics......Page 311
12.1. Introduction......Page 318
12.2. Practical Application......Page 319
12.3. Horizontal Distribution......Page 320
12.4. Vertical Distribution......Page 340
13 International Plant Health – Putting Legislation into Practice......Page 343
13.1. Introduction and Terminology......Page 344
13.2. Historical Considerations......Page 345
13.3. International Phytosanitary Frameworks......Page 347
13.4. Early Legislation Enacted against Plant-parasitic Nematodes......Page 349
13.5. International Phytosanitary Initiatives against Plant-parasitic Nematodes......Page 350
13.7. Determining the Risk Posed by Plant-parasitic Nematodes Using Pest Risk Analysis......Page 352
13.8. Phytosanitary Measures for Plant-parasitic Nematodes......Page 355
13.9. Phytosanitary Measures and their Associated Cost:Benefits......Page 356
13.11. Challenges Facing Scientific Advisers and Researchers......Page 359
14 Biological and Cultural Management......Page 362
14.1. Biological Control......Page 363
14.2. Cultural Management......Page 375
15.1. Introduction......Page 386
15.2. Definitions......Page 387
15.3. Variation and Specificity......Page 389
15.4. Origins and Functions......Page 394
15.5. Exploitation......Page 395
15.6. Successes and Opportunities......Page 405
16.1. History and Development of Nematicides......Page 408
16.2. Active Substances: Chemical Groups and Modes of Action......Page 412
16.3. Formulation and Application......Page 413
16.4. Nematicides in the Environment......Page 419
16.5. Human Safety......Page 421
16.6. Naturally Occurring Nematicides......Page 424
References......Page 427
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