Oxford handbook of clinical surgery.

Cover
Contents
Contributors
Symbols and abbreviations
1 Good surgical practice
	Duties of a doctor
	Communication skills
	Evidence-based surgery
	Critical appraisal
	Audit
	Consent
	Death
	End-of-life issues
	Clinical governance
2 Principles of surgery
	Terminology in surgery
	History taking and making notes
	Common surgical symptoms
	Examination and investigation of the patient: Evaluation of breast disease
		Evaluation of the neck
		Evaluation of the abdomen
		Abdominal investigations
		Evaluation of pelvic disease
		Evaluation of peripheral vascular disease
		Evaluation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue disease
		Surgery at the extremes of age
		Day case and minimally invasive surgery
	Preoperative care: Surgery in pregnancy
		Surgery and the contraceptive pill
		Surgery in endocrine disease
		Surgery and heart disease
		Surgery and respiratory disease
		Surgery in renal and hepatic disease
		Surgery in neurological disease
	Pre-optimization of the patient: Fluid optimization
		Nutrition in surgical patients
		Enhanced recovery after surgery
	Perioperative care: Getting the patient to theatre
		Prophylaxis—antibiotics and thromboprophylaxis
		In-theatre preparation
		Positioning the patient
		Sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis
		Scrubbing up
		Surgical instruments
		Incisions and closures
		Drains
		Stomas
		Knots and sutures
	Post-operative: Post-operative management
		Drain management
		Fluid management
		Acid–base balance
		Blood products and procoagulants
		Transfusion reactions
		Shock
		Post-operative haemorrhage
		Wound emergencies
		Cardiac complications
		Respiratory complications
		Renal complications
		Urinary complications
		Gastrointestinal complications
		Neurological complications
		Haematological complications
		Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
		Risk scoring
		Critical care
		Commonly used terms in ITU
		Invasive monitoring
		Ventilation and respiratory support
		Circulatory support
		Renal support
		Enteral support
		Sepsis, SIRS, MODS, and ALI
3 Surgical pathology
	Cellular injury
	Inflammation
	Wound healing
	Ulcers
	Cysts, sinuses, and fistulas
	Atherosclerosis
	Thromboembolic disease
	Gangrene and capillary ischaemia
	Tumours
	Carcinogenesis
	Screening
	Grading and staging
	Tumour markers
	Surgical microbiology
	Surgically important organisms
	Soft tissue infections
	Blood-borne viruses and surgery
	Bleeding and coagulation
	Anaemia and polycythaemia
4 Practical procedures
	Endotracheal intubation
	Cardioversion
	Defibrillation
	Venepuncture
	Intravenous cannulation
	Arterial puncture and lines
	Insertion of central venous catheter
	Chest drain insertion
	Management of chest drains
	Pericardiocentesis
	Cricothyroidotomy
	Nasogastric tube insertion
	Urethral catheterization
	Suprapubic catheterization
	Paracentesis abdominis
	Rigid sigmoidoscopy
	Local anaesthesia
	Intercostal nerve block
5 Head and neck surgery
	Thyroglossal cyst, sinus, and fistula
	Branchial cyst, sinus, and fistula
	Salivary calculi
	Acute parotitis
	Salivary gland tumours
	Head and neck cancer
	Facial trauma
	Neck space infections
6 Breast and endocrine surgery
	Breast cancer
	Surgical treatment of breast cancer
	Breast cancer screening
	Benign breast disease
	Acute breast pain
	Goitre
	Thyrotoxicosis
	Thyroid tumours—types and features
	Thyroid tumours—diagnosis and treatment
	Post-thyroid surgery emergencies
	Primary hyperparathyroidism
	Multiple endocrine neoplasia
	Cushing’s syndrome
	Conn’s syndrome
	Phaeochromocytoma
7 Upper gastrointestinal surgery
	Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
	Oesophageal motility disorders
	Pharyngeal pouch
	Hiatus hernia
	Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
	Oesophageal tumours
	Peptic ulcer disease
	Gastric tumours
	Chronic intestinal ischaemia
	Surgery for morbid obesity
	Small bowel tumours
	Acute haematemesis
	Acute upper GI perforation
	Acute appendicitis
	Acute peritonitis
	Acute abdominal pain
	Gynaecological causes of lower abdominal pain
	Intra-abdominal abscess
8 Liver, pancreatic, and biliary surgery
	Jaundice—causes and diagnosis
	Jaundice—management
	Gall bladder stones
	Common bile duct stones
	Chronic pancreatitis
	Portal hypertension
	Cirrhosis of the liver
	Pancreatic cancer
	Cancer of the liver, gall bladder, and biliary tree
	Acute variceal haemorrhage
	Acute pancreatitis
9 Abdominal wall
	Abdominal wall hernias
	Inguinal hernia
	Femoral hernia
	Umbilical and epigastric hernias
	Incisional hernias
	Other types of hernia
	Rectus sheath haematoma
	Groin disruption
	Acute groin swelling
10 Urology
	Symptoms and signs in urology
	Investigations of urinary tract disease
	Urinary tract stones
	Obstruction of the ureter
	Benign prostatic hyperplasia
	Stricture of the urethra
	Scrotal swellings
	Disorders of the foreskin
	Common conditions of the penis
	Erectile dysfunction
	Adenocarcinoma of the kidney
	Transitional cell tumours
	Adenocarcinoma of the prostate
	Carcinoma of the penis
	Testicular tumours
	Haematuria
	Acute urinary retention (AUR)
	Acute testicular pain
11 Colorectal surgery
	Ulcerative colitis
	Crohn’s disease
	Other forms of colitis
	Colorectal polyps
	Colorectal cancer
	Restorative pelvic surgery
	Minimally invasive colorectal surgery
	Diverticular disease of the colon
	Rectal prolapse
	Pilonidal sinus disease
	Fistula-in-ano
	Haemorrhoids
	Acute anorectal pain
	Acute rectal bleeding
	Acute severe colitis
	Post-operative anastomotic leakage
12 Paediatric surgery
	Principles of managing paediatric surgical cases
	Acute abdominal emergencies—overview
	Oesophageal atresia
	Pyloric stenosis
	Malrotation and volvulus
	Intussusception
	Hirschsprung’s disease
	Rare causes of intestinal obstruction
	Abdominal wall defects
	Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
	Inguinal hernia and scrotal swellings
	Other childhood hernias
	Prepuce (foreskin) and circumcision
	Undescended testis
	Solid tumours of childhood
	Neck swellings
13 Paediatric orthopaedic
	Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
	Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE)
	The limping child
	The child with a fracture
	Non-accidental injury (NAI)
	Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease
	Motor development
	Club foot or congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)
	Flat feet (pes planus)
	The osteochondritides
14 Major trauma
	Management of major trauma
	Thoracic injuries
	Abdominal trauma
	Vascular injuries
	Head injuries
15 Orthopaedic surgery
	Examination of a joint
	Examination of the limbs and trunk
	Fracture healing
	Reduction and fixation of fractures
	The skeletal radiograph
	Injuries of the phalanges and metacarpals
	Wrist injuries
	Fractures of the distal radius and ulna
	Fractures of the radius and ulnar shaft
	Fractures and dislocations around the elbow in children
	Fractures of the humeral shaft and elbow in adults
	Dislocations and fracture dislocations of the elbow
	Fractures around the shoulder
	Dislocations of the shoulder region
	Fractures of the ribs and sternum
	Fractures of the pelvis
	Femoral neck fractures
	Femoral shaft fractures
	Fractures of the tibial shaft
	Fractures of the ankle
	Fractures of the tarsus and foot
	Injuries and the spinal radiograph
	Spinal injuries
	Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis
	Chronic osteomyelitis
	Septic arthritis
	Peripheral nerve injuries
	Brachial plexus injuries
	Osteoarthrosis (osteoarthritis)
	Carpal tunnel syndrome
	Ganglion
	Bone tumours
	Low back pain
	Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
	The great toe
	Arthroplasty
	Useful reading
16 Plastic surgery
	Suturing wounds
	Skin grafts
	Surgical flaps
	Management of scars
	Excision of simple cutaneous lesions
	Skin cancer
	Burns: assessment
	Burns: management
	Soft tissue hand injuries
	Hand infections
	Dupuytren’s disease
	Breast reduction
	Breast augmentation
	Breast reconstruction
17 Cardiothoracic surgery
	Basics
	Principles of cardiac surgery
	Coronary artery disease
	Valvular heart disease
	Cardiothoracic ICU
	Lung cancer
	Pleural effusion
	Pneumothorax
	Mediastinal disease
18 Peripheral vascular disease
	Acute limb ischaemia
	Chronic upper limb ischaemia
	Chronic lower limb ischaemia
	Intermittent claudication
	Critical limb ischaemia
	Aneurysms
	Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
	Vascular developmental abnormalities
	Carotid disease
	The diabetic foot
	Amputations
	Vasospastic disorders
	Varicose veins
	Deep venous thrombosis
	Thrombolysis
	Complications in vascular surgery
19 Transplantation
	Basic transplant immunology
	Immunosuppression and rejection
	Transplant recipients
	Transplant donors
	Heart and lung transplantation
	Kidney transplantation
	Pancreas and islet transplantation
	Liver transplantation
	Small bowel transplantation
20 Surgery in tropical diseases
	Medicine in the tropics
	Typhoid
	Amoebiasis and amoebic liver abscess
	Anaemias in the tropics
	Malaria
	Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)
	Filariasis
	Hydatid disease
	Ascariasis
	Leishmaniasis
	Trypanosomiasis
	Tuberculosis in the tropics
	Leprosy (‘Hansen’s disease’)
	Guinea worm infestation
	Threadworms
	Mycetoma (madura foot)
21 Common operations
	Diagnostic laparoscopy
	Principles of laparotomy
	Cholecystectomy
	Appendicectomy
	Inguinal hernia repair
	Perforated peptic ulcer repair
	Haemorrhoid surgery
	Pilonidal sinus excision (Bascom II)
	Femoral embolectomy
	Right hemicolectomy
	Stoma formation
	Wide local excision—breast
	Below knee amputation
22 Eponymous terms and rarities
Anatomy and physiology key revision points index
Index
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