Orbis Romanus: Byzantium and the Legacy of Rome in the Carolingian World

Cover
Orbis Romanus
Copyright
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
I Introduction
II Imperium in the Carolingian World
	1. Roman Notions of Empire and Emperor
		Imperium and oikumene
		Imperator and βασιλεύς
	2. Charlemagne’s imperium
		Carolingian Notions of imperium
		Charlemagne as Emperor
		Charlemagne and Irene
		The Byzantine Recognition
	3. Carolingian imperium after Charlemagne
		Louis the Pious
		The “Emperors of Italy”
	4. Conclusion
III Contacts and Exchanges
	1. Mediterranean Shipping Traffic
		Travel Routes and Conditions
		Regular Exchanges
	2. Diplomatic Exchanges
		Quantitative Assessment of Diplomatic Exchange
		Diplomatic Letters
		Diplomatic Experiences
		Diplomatic Relations and Military Encounters
		Marriage Arrangements
	3. Pilgrims and Clerics
		The Franks and the Holy Land
		Byzantine Clerics in the West
	4. Conclusion
IV The Present in the Past
	1. Framing Frankish History
		The Trojan Legend
		The Book of Daniel
		The Apocalypse
	2. Antiquity as a Shared Past
		The Byzantine Perspective of Antiquity
		Western Visions of Antiquity and Byzantine History
		Ancient Models for Current Rulers
	3. Conclusion
V Language and Community
	1. Greek in the West
		Greek and the Western Courts
		Greek in Italy
		Greek Manuscripts
		Learning and Teaching Greek
		Greek Language Skills
		Knowledge from Greek Manuscripts
	2. The “Language of the Romans”
		Latin in the Byzantine World
		Interpreters and Translations
		Latin Language and Roman Identity
	3. Conclusion
VI Identity and Distinction
	1. The Byzantine Perspective
		Byzantine Romanness
		Greek and Hellenic Identities
		Imperial Romanness
		Byzantine Visions of Italy
		Byzantine Perceptions of the Franks
	2. Western Visions of the Byzantine World
		Western Assessments of Greekness
		Frankish Visions of the Byzantine World
		The Graeci in the Western Sources
		Hellenic Identity
		The “Emperor of the Greeks”
	3. Western Romanness
		The Romans of Rome
		Carolingian Notions of Romanness
		“Romans” in the Frankish Legal Evidence
	4. Conclusion
VII Orthodoxy and the oikumene
	1. Orthodoxy and the Emperor
		Christianity and Empire
		Orthodoxy
		Imperial Rivals of Faith
	2. The Pope and the Empire
		The Pope and the Byzantine Empire
		The Pope and the Carolingians
		Religious Controversy
	3. Iconoclasts and Iconodules
		Origins and Early Iconoclasm
		The Early Icon-​Related Synods
		The Opus Caroli and the Council of Frankfurt
		Second Iconoclasm
	4. Conclusion
VIII Roman Cultural Heritage
	1. Political Culture
		Aachen and Other Places of Power
		Images of Power
		The Emperor’s Clothes
		Enforcing Power and Authority
	2. Material Culture
		Ancient Roman Artifacts
		Byzantine Imports
		Western Imitations?
	3. Intellectual and Living Culture
		Knowledge and Techniques
		Intellectual Culture
		Monastic and Religious Tradition
		Clothes and Accessories
	4. Conclusion
IX Conclusion
	1. A Frankish orbis Romanus
	2. The Franks and the Roman World
Bibliography
1. Manuscripts
2. Sources
3. Literature
Index