Optimization of Power System Operation (IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering)

OPTIMIZATION OF POWER SYSTEM OPERATION......Page 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 9
Preface......Page 19
1 Introduction......Page 21
1.1.1 Unconstrained Optimization Approaches......Page 22
1.1.4 Quadratic Programming......Page 23
1.1.7 Mixed-Integer Programming......Page 24
1.2.2 Evolutionary Algorithms......Page 25
1.3 Application of Fuzzy Set Theory......Page 26
References......Page 27
2.1 Mathematical Model of Power Flow......Page 29
2.2.1 Principle of Newton–Raphson Method......Page 32
2.2.2 Power Flow Solution with Polar Coordinate System......Page 34
2.2.3 Power Flow Solution with Rectangular Coordinate System......Page 39
2.3 Gauss–Seidel Method......Page 47
2.4.1 Fast Decoupled Power Flow......Page 49
2.4.2 Decoupled Power Flow Without Major Approximation......Page 57
2.5 DC Power Flow......Page 59
References......Page 61
3.1 Introduction......Page 63
3.2 Loss Sensitivity Calculation......Page 65
3.3.1 Definition of Constraint Shift Factors......Page 69
3.3.2 Computation of Constraint Shift Factors......Page 71
3.3.3 Constraint Shift Factors with Different References......Page 79
3.3.4 Sensitivities for the Transfer Path......Page 80
3.4.2 Generator Shift Factor Sensitivity......Page 82
3.4.4 Line Outage Distribution Factor......Page 83
3.4.5 Outage Transfer Distribution Factor......Page 84
3.5 Voltage Sensitivity Analysis......Page 85
3.6 Real-Time Application of Sensitivity Factors......Page 87
3.7.1 Sample Computation for Loss Sensitivity Factors......Page 88
3.7.2 Sample Computation for Constrained Shift Factors......Page 97
3.8 Conclusion......Page 100
References......Page 103
4.2.1 Input-Output Characteristic of Thermal Units......Page 105
4.2.2 Calculation of Input-Output Characteristic Parameters......Page 107
4.2.3 Input-Output Characteristic of Hydroelectric Units......Page 110
4.3.1 Principle of Equal Incremental Rate......Page 111
4.3.2 Economic Dispatch without Network Losses......Page 114
4.4 Calculation of Incremental Power Losses......Page 120
4.5 Thermal System Economic Dispatch with Network Losses......Page 123
4.6.1 Neglect Network Losses......Page 124
4.6.2 Consider Network Losses......Page 130
4.7.2 Gradient Search in Economic Dispatch......Page 132
4.8.1 Introduction......Page 140
4.8.2 GA-Based ED Solution......Page 141
4.9.1 Hopfield Neural Network Model......Page 144
4.9.2 Mapping of Economic Dispatch to HNN......Page 146
4.9.3 Simulation Results......Page 149
Appendix: Optimization Methods used in Economic Operation......Page 150
References......Page 159
5.2.1 Mathematical Model of Economic Dispatch with Security......Page 161
5.2.2 Linearization of ED Model......Page 162
5.2.4 Implementation......Page 166
5.2.5 Piecewise Linear Approach......Page 169
5.3.1 QP Model of Economic Dispatch......Page 172
5.3.2 QP Algorithm......Page 173
5.3.3 Implementation......Page 176
5.4.2 Out-of-Kilter Algorithm......Page 179
5.4.3 N Security Economic Dispatch Model......Page 187
5.4.4 Calculation of N – 1 Security Constraints......Page 191
5.4.5 N – 1 Security Economic Dispatch......Page 192
5.4.6 Implementation......Page 194
5.5.2 NLCNFP Model of EDC......Page 200
5.5.3 Solution Method......Page 205
5.5.4 Implementation......Page 211
5.6.2 Economic Power Dispatch—Stage One......Page 214
5.6.3 Economic Power Dispatch—Stage Two......Page 215
5.6.4 Evaluation of System Total Fuel Consumption......Page 217
5.7 Security-Constrained ED by Genetic Algorithms......Page 219
Appendix: Network Flow Programming......Page 221
References......Page 229
6.1 Introduction......Page 231
6.2 Economy of Multiarea Interconnection......Page 232
6.3.1 Concept of Wheeling......Page 237
6.3.2 Cost Models of Wheeling......Page 240
6.4 Multiarea Wheeling......Page 243
6.5.2 NLCNFP Model of MAED......Page 244
6.5.3 Solution Method......Page 249
6.5.4 Test Results......Page 250
6.6.2 The Problem of MAED......Page 253
6.6.3 Nonlinear Optimization Neural Network Algorithm......Page 255
6.6.4 Test Results......Page 259
6.7 Total Transfer Capability Computation in Multiareas......Page 262
6.7.1 Continuation Power Flow Method......Page 263
6.7.2 Multiarea TTC Computation......Page 265
References......Page 266
7.1 Introduction......Page 271
7.2 Priority Method......Page 272
7.3 Dynamic Programming Method......Page 274
7.4 Lagrange Relaxation Method......Page 278
7.5.2 Tabu Search Method......Page 284
7.5.3 Evolutionary Programming......Page 285
7.6.1 Algorithm......Page 288
7.6.2 Implementation......Page 291
7.7.1 Explanation of Proposed Scheme......Page 293
7.7.2 Formulation of Optimal Generation Scheduling......Page 295
7.7.3 Application of AHP to Unit Commitment......Page 298
References......Page 313
8.1 Introduction......Page 317
8.2.1 Neglect Line Security Constraints......Page 318
8.2.2 Consider Line Security Constraints......Page 324
8.3.1 OPF Problem without Inequality Constraints......Page 327
8.3.2 Consider Inequality Constraints......Page 331
8.4 Linear Programming OPF......Page 333
8.5.1 Introduction......Page 335
8.5.2 OPF Formulation......Page 336
8.5.3 IP OPF Algorithms......Page 338
8.6 OPF with Phase Shifter......Page 350
8.6.1 Phase Shifter Model......Page 351
8.6.2 Rule-Based OPF with Phase Shifter Scheme......Page 352
8.7.1 Formulation of Combined Active and Reactive Dispatch......Page 359
8.7.2 Solution Algorithm......Page 365
8.8.1 Mathematical Model......Page 367
8.8.2 PSO Methods......Page 369
8.8.3 OPF Considering Valve Loading Effects......Page 375
References......Page 380
9.1 Introduction......Page 385
9.2.1 Concept of Security Corridor......Page 386
9.2.2 Construction of Security Corridor......Page 389
9.3.1 Power Flow Model......Page 392
9.3.3 Definition of Steady-State Security Regions......Page 393
9.3.4 Illustration of Calculation of Steady-State Security Region......Page 394
9.4.1 Introduction......Page 395
9.4.2 Extended Steady-State Security Region......Page 396
9.4.4 Consideration of Failure Probability of Branch Temporary Overload......Page 398
9.4.5 Implementation......Page 399
9.4.6 Test Results and Analysis......Page 401
9.5.1 Introduction......Page 406
9.5.2 Steady-State Security Regions Solved by LP......Page 407
9.5.3 Numerical Examples......Page 410
Appendix: Linear Programming......Page 413
References......Page 425
10.1 Introduction......Page 429
10.2.1 Reactive Power Balance......Page 430
10.2.2 Reactive Power Economic Dispatch......Page 431
10.3 Linear Programming Method of VAR Optimization......Page 435
10.3.1 VAR Optimization Model......Page 436
10.3.2 Linear Programming Method Based on Sensitivity......Page 438
10.4.3 Calculation of Weighting Factors by AHP......Page 440
10.4.4 Homogeneous Self-Dual Interior Point Method......Page 441
10.5.1 Placement of VAR Compensation......Page 446
10.5.2 VAR Control Optimization......Page 449
10.5.3 Solution Method......Page 450
10.5.4 Numerical Simulations......Page 451
10.6.1 Mathematical Model......Page 453
10.6.2 Evolutionary Algorithm of Multiobjective Optimization......Page 454
10.7 VAR Optimization by Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm......Page 458
10.8.1 Introduction......Page 460
10.8.2 Reactive Power Pricing......Page 462
10.8.3 Multiarea VAR Pricing Problem......Page 464
References......Page 472
11.1 Introduction......Page 475
11.2 Conventional Load Shedding......Page 476
11.3.1 Description of Intelligent Load Shedding......Page 479
11.4 Formulation of Optimal Load Shedding......Page 481
11.4.2 Constraints of Load Curtailment......Page 482
11.5.1 Calculation of Weighting Factors by AHP......Page 483
11.5.2 Network Flow Model......Page 484
11.5.3 Implementation and Simulation......Page 485
11.6.1 Everett Method......Page 491
11.6.2 Calculation of Independent Load Values......Page 493
11.7.1 Introduction......Page 499
11.7.2 DILS Methods......Page 500
11.8.1 Introduction......Page 506
11.8.2 Undervoltage Load Shedding using Distributed Controllers......Page 507
11.8.3 Optimal Location of Installing Controller......Page 510
11.9.1 Introduction......Page 512
11.9.2 Congestion Management in U.S. Power Industry......Page 513
11.9.3 Congestion Management Method......Page 515
References......Page 520
12.1 Introduction......Page 523
12.2 Mathematical Model of DNRC......Page 525
12.3.2 Optimal Flow Pattern......Page 527
12.3.3 Enhanced Optimal Flow Pattern......Page 528
12.4.1 Radial Distribution Network Load Flow......Page 529
12.4.2 Description of Rule-Based Comprehensive Method......Page 530
12.4.3 Numerical Examples......Page 531
12.5 Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Approach......Page 533
12.5.1 Selection of Candidate Subnetworks......Page 534
12.5.2 Simplified Mathematical Model......Page 541
12.5.3 Mixed-Integer Linear Model......Page 542
12.6.1 Introduction......Page 544
12.6.2 Refined GA Approach to DNRC Problem......Page 546
12.6.3 Numerical Examples......Page 548
12.7.1 Multiobjective Optimization Model......Page 550
12.7.2 EP-Based Multiobjective Optimization Approach......Page 551
12.8.1 Network Topology Coding Method......Page 555
12.8.2 GA with Matroid Theory......Page 557
References......Page 561
13.1 Introduction......Page 565
13.2 Definition of Uncertainty......Page 566
13.3.1 Probability Representation of Uncertainty Load......Page 567
13.3.2 Fuzzy Set Representation of Uncertainty Load......Page 574
13.4.1 Probabilistic Power Flow......Page 579
13.4.2 Fuzzy Power Flow......Page 580
13.5.1 Min-Max Optimal Method......Page 582
13.5.2 Stochastic Model Method......Page 584
13.5.3 Fuzzy ED Algorithm......Page 586
13.7.1 Introduction......Page 593
13.7.2 Chance-Constrained Optimization Model......Page 594
13.7.3 Chance-Constrained Optimization Algorithm......Page 597
13.8.1 Linearized VAR Optimization Model......Page 599
13.9.1 Introduction......Page 601
13.9.2 Two-Point Estimate Method for OPF......Page 602
13.9.3 Cumulant-Based Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow......Page 608
13.10 Comparison of Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods......Page 613
References......Page 614
Author Biography......Page 617
Index......Page 619