Ontological Categories

Detailed Contents......Page 12
Introduction......Page 16
1 Some examples......Page 27
2 Common features......Page 33
3 Defeatism......Page 37
4 Laundry-lists......Page 38
5 Possible bases for an account......Page 39
6 Norton's account......Page 40
7 A better account of generality......Page 41
8 The persistence of the problem......Page 43
9 Categories as semantically redundant: Katz's account......Page 44
10 A graph-theoretic view of redundancy rules......Page 46
11 Advantages and problems of Katz's account......Page 48
12 The further persistence of the problem......Page 49
13 A list-based account......Page 53
3. Accounts based on intersubstitutability......Page 55
14 Notions of intersubstitutability......Page 56
15 Grammatical categories: The standard account......Page 57
16 Unsatisfying solutions......Page 58
17 Grammatical categories: Husserl's account......Page 60
18 Ontological categories: Getting ontology from grammar?......Page 61
19 Ontological categories: The Ryle–Sommers account......Page 63
20 Smart's criticism......Page 65
21 Carnap's concept of ontological statements......Page 66
22 Metaontological implications of this......Page 69
23 Containment of categories......Page 70
24 Sommers' law......Page 72
25 The Frege-Dummett account......Page 74
26 Ultimate sortals......Page 77
27 Essential properties......Page 79
III: A world of states of affairs......Page 80
1. The centrality of states of affairs......Page 81
28 Cognitional arguments......Page 82
29 Semantic arguments......Page 87
2. The priority of states of affairs over their constituents......Page 92
30 The complex principle......Page 93
31 Analysis, decomposition, and dependence......Page 94
32 Kinds of dependence......Page 96
33 Epistemic and existential dependence......Page 98
34 Uniqueness of constituents......Page 100
35 The complex principle and states of affairs......Page 101
36 States of affairs and their constituents......Page 105
37 The 'fitting' of constituents......Page 107
38 Form-sets and base-sets......Page 111
40 Weak and strong form-sets......Page 114
41 Dealing with too specific categories......Page 116
42 A simple model......Page 118
2. Form-sets......Page 119
43 Mereology and states of affairs......Page 120
44 The overlap relations......Page 122
45 Problems with quasi-analysis......Page 126
46 Some formalism for the notion of a complex......Page 127
47 Typing data......Page 131
48 Containment of types......Page 132
49 Constructing categories......Page 133
50 Local relativism......Page 138
51 Constructs and originals......Page 142
52 Adequacy of constructs......Page 143
53 Construction and paraphrase......Page 145
54 Global relativism......Page 147
55 Base-sets and axioms......Page 149
56 Cut-off point problem and too special categories......Page 151
57 Sommers' law and hierarchical structure......Page 152
58 Flexibility of the base-set account......Page 154
59 Ontological categories without states of affairs......Page 155
V: Individuals and properties in an ontology of states of affairs......Page 159
60 The problem......Page 161
61 Data and conventions......Page 162
62 A graph-theoretic perspective......Page 164
63 Ontological import of transformations......Page 168
64 The flexibility result......Page 171
65 Expansions: adding more of the same......Page 172
66 Expansions: the polyadic case......Page 175
67 Tightening the type-form conventions?......Page 177
68 Rigidity......Page 179
69 Cardinality......Page 181
70 Proto-typings......Page 184
71 Saturation and complexes......Page 185
72 Defining the Frege hierarchy......Page 187
73 Extending the Frege hierarchy......Page 188
74 Analyses of unsaturatedness......Page 190
75 Ramsey's criticism......Page 192
76 Morals to draw......Page 194
4. Adding Logic......Page 197
77 Quantificational reasoning......Page 198
78 Distinguishing objects through their logics......Page 200
79 Blind logic......Page 203
80 Ordered application......Page 205
81 Ordered states of affairs and natural language......Page 206
82 Distinctions which can be drawn......Page 207
83 Structural ontological distinctions......Page 208
84 Main assumptions......Page 214
85 Putting the assumptions to work......Page 218
86 Relativism......Page 222
87 Holism......Page 223
88 Individuals and properties......Page 228
89 The significance of ontological categories......Page 232
90 Objects and logical form......Page 234
91 Structuralist logic......Page 237
92 Quantification......Page 241
93 Logical constants and ontological form......Page 243
94 Factualism and trope theory......Page 247
95 Situation semantics......Page 249
96 Complex descriptions and type descriptions: an example......Page 253
97 Generating a containment hierarchy: an example......Page 254
98 Proof of the flexibility result......Page 257
99 Proof of the uniqueness of proto-typings......Page 258
Bibliography......Page 260
C......Page 272
I......Page 273
P......Page 274
T......Page 275
W......Page 276