Next-Generation Algae, Volume 2: Applications in Medicine and the Pharmaceutical Industry

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Discovery of Novel and Biologically Active Compounds from Algae
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Microalgae-Derived Natural Products
	1.3 Bioprospecting for New Algae
	1.4 Therapeutically Essential Natural Products
	1.5 Screening for Bioactive Constituents
	1.6 Extraction Methods
	1.7 Biosynthesis and Biological Activities
		1.7.1 Antibacterial Action
		1.7.2 Antifungal Action
		1.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Action
		1.7.4 Antiprotozoal Action
		1.7.5 Antioxidant Action
		1.7.6 Antineoplastic (Anticancer) Action
		1.7.7 Antiviral Action
		1.7.8 Anticoagulant Action
		1.7.9 Immunosuppressive Action
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Bioactive Compounds Synthesized by Algae: Current Development and Prospects as Biomedical Application in the Pharmaceutical Industry
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Algal-Sourced Compounds of Medical Interest
	2.3 Microalgae with Potential for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds
		2.3.1 Spirulina
		2.3.2 Chlorella
		2.3.3 Nostoc
		2.3.4 Dunaliella
	2.4 Bioactive Compounds from Cyanobacteria
	2.5 Secondary Metabolites from Microalgae
		2.5.1 Carotenoids
			2.5.1.1 β-Carotene
			2.5.1.2 Astaxanthin
			2.5.1.3 Zeaxanthin and Lutein
			2.5.1.4 Violaxanthin
			2.5.1.5 Fucoxanthin
		2.5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
		2.5.3 Proteins and Polypeptides
	2.6 Biomass of Microalgae
		2.6.1 Biomass Production
			2.6.1.1 Cultivation
			2.6.1.2 Harvesting
			2.6.1.3 Biomass Dehydration
			2.6.1.4 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
	2.7 Pharmaceutical Applications of Microalgae
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Bioactive Compounds Derived from Microalgae Showing Diverse Medicinal Activities
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Microalgae with Anti-Inflammatory Activity
	3.3 Microalgae with Immunomodulatory Activity
	3.4 Microalgae Anticancer Activity
	3.5 Potential of Microalgae in Quality Enhancement of Natural Products
		3.5.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
		3.5.2 Cosmetics and Personal Care
		3.5.3 Food Industry
	References
Chapter 4 Application of Astaxanthin and Carotenoids Derived from Algae for the Production of Nutraceuticals, Pharmaceuticals, Additives, Food Supplement and Feed
	4.1 Carotenoids and Its Characteristics
		4.1.1 Sources of Carotenoids
		4.1.2 Production/Extraction of Carotenoids
	4.2 Astaxanthin and Its Characteristics
		4.2.1 Production/Extraction of Astaxanthin
		4.2.2 Historical Perspective of Consumption of Alga as Food and Utilization in the Food Industry
	4.3 Application/Utilization of Astaxanthin and Carotenoids in Different Sectors
		4.3.1 Nutraceuticals
		4.3.2 Food Additives, Supplements and Feed Formulation
		4.3.3 Alga as a Potential Source of Astaxanthin and Food Supplement
		4.3.4 Technological Application of Algae as Origins of Supplements and Bioactive Mixtures in Healthier Food Varieties and Drinks
		4.3.5 Enriching Dairy Products with Algae
		4.3.6 Algae as a Potential Healthy Protein and Fat Source
	4.4 Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 5 Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and Their Biomedical Application
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
	5.3 Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
	5.4 Nanomedicine-Based Formulations Containing Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
	5.5 Biological and Medical Application of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
	5.6 Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
	5.7 Challenges and Issues of Production and Use of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Utilization of Algae and Their Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae
	6.3 Algae Biocomposites
	6.4 Techniques and Methods Involved in the Production of Algae Biocomposites
	6.5 Antiproliferative Activities of Algae
	6.6 Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Algae
	6.7 Potential Health Benefits of Algae Biocomposites
	6.8 Challenges and Issues Related to Algae Biocomposites Use
	6.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Natural Compounds of Algae Origin with Potential Anticarcinogenic Benefits
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Progression, Predisposing Factors and Treatment of Cancer
		7.2.1 Cancer Progression
		7.2.2 Predisposing Factors to Cancer
		7.2.3 Treatment of Cancer
	7.3 Features of Microalgae
	7.4 Sources of Microalgae
	7.5 Fractions of Microalgae Species with Anticancer Properties
		7.5.1 Carotenoid-Rich Extracts of Chlorella Species
		7.5.2 Chaetoceros Calcitrans Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Extracts
		7.5.3 Amphidinium Carterae Organic Fractions
		7.5.4 Methanolic Extracts from Amphidinium Carterae, Prorocentrum Rhathymum, Symbiodinium sp., Coolia Malayensis, Ostreopsis Ovata, Amphidinium Operculatum, and Heterocapsa Psammophila
		7.5.5 Skeletonema Marinoi Hydrophobic Fraction
		7.5.6 Canadian Marine Microalgal Pool Aqueous Extract
		7.5.7 Chlorella Sorokiniana Aqueous Extract
	7.6 Compounds with Anticarcinogenic Activities Isolated from Marine Microalgae
		7.6.1 Polysaccharides
		7.6.2 Phycocyanin
		7.6.3 Chlorophyll
		7.6.4 Polyunsaturated Aldehydes (PUAs)
		7.6.5 Violaxanthin
		7.6.6 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
		7.6.7 Stigmasterol
		7.6.8 Fucoxanthin
		7.6.9 Nonyl 8-Acetoxy-6-Methyloctanoate (NAMO)
		7.6.10 Monogalactosyl Glycerols
		7.6.11 Other Active Compounds from Microalgae with Anticarcinogenic Activities
	7.7 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Chapter 8 Current Research on Algal-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides and Their Antiulcer Bioactivities
	8.1 Introduction
	8.1.1 Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer Disease
	8.2 Treatment Using Synthetic Medicines
	8.3 Natural Products Used in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
	8.4 Antiulcer Products Developed from Algae
		8.4.1 Phycocolloids
		8.4.2 Fucoidan
		8.4.3 Ulvans
		8.4.4 Laminaran
		8.4.5 Xylan and Porphyran
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Pharmacological and Antioxidant Attributes of Significant Bioactives Constituents Derived from Algae
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Brown Algae
			9.1.1.1 Fucoidan and Its Bioactivity
			9.1.1.2 Benefits Derived from Fucoidan
			9.1.1.3 Laminarin
			9.1.1.4 Fucosterol
			9.1.1.5 Saccharides
			9.1.1.6 Phlorotannins
			9.1.1.7 Dieckol
		9.1.2 Red Algae
			9.1.2.1 D-Isofloridoside
			9.1.2.2 Phycoerythrin
		9.1.3 Blue-Green Algae
			9.1.3.1 Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin
		9.1.4 Other Potential Applications of Algae
			9.1.4.1 Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosine Capabilities
	9.2 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Utilization of Pharmacologically Relevant Compounds Derived from Algae for Effective Management of Diverse Diseases
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Algae in the Management of Some Diseases
		10.2.1 Cancer
		10.2.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		10.2.3 Osteoarthritis
		10.2.4 Gastric Ulcers
		10.2.5 Neurodegenerative Diseases
		10.2.6 Diabetes Mellitus
		10.2.7 Hypertension
		10.2.8 Atherosclerosis
		10.2.9 Kidney and Liver Diseases
		10.2.10 Skin Diseases/Disorders
		10.2.11 Uterine Leiomyomas
		10.2.12 Obesity
		10.2.13 Tuberculosis
		10.2.14 Asthma
		10.2.15 Hepatitis
	10.3 Xanthophylls
		10.3.1 Astaxanthin
		10.3.2 Fucoxanthin
		10.3.3 Lutein and Zeaxanthin
		10.3.4 Beta-Cryptoxanthin
		10.3.5 Siphonaxanthin
		10.3.6 Saproxanthin and Myxol
	10.4 Alga Diterpenes
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Application of Algae in Wound Healing
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Current Trends in the Design of Wound Dressings
	11.2 Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides
		11.2.1 Fucoidan
		11.2.2 Alginate
		11.2.3 Carrageenan
		11.2.4 Red Seaweed Polysaccharides
		11.2.5 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides
	11.3 Mechanisms Underpinning the Wound Healing Effects of Algae
		11.3.1 Hemostatic Activity
		11.3.2 Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
		11.3.3 Antioxidant Activity
		11.3.4 Antifungal Activity
		11.3.5 Antibacterial Properties
		11.3.6 Wound-Healing Property of Algae and Cyanobacteria
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Application of Nanotechnology for the Bioengineering of Useful Metabolites Derived from Algae and Their Multifaceted Applications
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Various Types of Nanoparticles Derived from Algae
	12.3 Nanoparticles from Algae and the Key Role They Play in the Medical and Pharmaceutical Sectors
		12.3.1 Anticancer Activity
	12.4 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles and Their Key Role in the Cosmetics Industry
		12.4.1 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Moisturizer
		12.4.2 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Skin Sensitizing and Thickening Agents
		12.4.3 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Anti-Aging Agents
		12.4.4 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antioxidant Agent
	12.5 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agent
	12.6 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antifungal Agent
	12.7 Algae-Derived Nanoparticles as Antiviral Agent
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Discovery of Novel Compounds of Pharmaceutical Significance Derived from Algae
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Bioactive Compounds
	13.3 Pharmacological Significance of Algae
		13.3.1 Antioxidative Activity
		13.3.2 Antihypertensive Activity
		13.3.3 Anticoagulant Activity
		13.3.4 Antiproliferation Activities
		13.3.5 Immune-Stimulant Activity
		13.3.6 Cholesterol-Lowering Activity
		13.3.7 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
		13.3.8 Anticancer Activity
		13.3.9 Cancer Prevention Agent
		13.3.10 Antidiabetic
		13.3.11 Different Biomedical Activities
	13.4 Research Results on Well-Studied Algal Strains
	13.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	References
Chapter 14 Applications of Algae in the Production of Single-Cell Proteins and Pigments with High Relevance in Industry
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Microalgae-Derived Single Cell Protein (SCP)
		14.2.1 Dunaliella
	14.3 Applications of SCP in Diets
	14.4 Pigments Derived from Algae
		14.4.1 Astaxanthin
		14.4.2 Fucoxanthin
		14.4.3 Carotenoids
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
Index
EULA