OCR Ancient History AS and a Level Component 2: Rome

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
Map
PART 1 PERIOD STUDY: THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS, 31 BC–AD 68
	Introduction to The Julio-Claudian Emperors, 31 BC–AD 68
		1.1 Augustus, 31 BC–AD 14
			THE PRESENTATION OF AUGUSTUS’ VICTORY AT ACTIUM
			AUGUSTUS’ MILITARY ACHIEVEMENTS
			THE CONSTITUTIONAL SETTLEMENTS OF 27 AND 23 BC
			THE RESTORATION OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE REVIVAL OF TRADITIONAL ROMAN VALUES AND PRACTICES
			AUGUSTUS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS RELIGION, INCLUDING THE IMPERIAL CULT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF ROME
			ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES TO ROME AND THE PROVINCES
			AUGUSTUS’ BUILDING PROGRAMME
			RELATIONS WITH THE SENATE, EQUESTRIANS AND ORDINARY PEOPLE OF ROME
			CHALLENGES TO HIS RULE, INCLUDING CONSPIRACIES
			THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DYNASTY AND ISSUES OF SUCCESSION
		1.2 Tiberius, AD 14–37
			THE VIEWS OF CLASSICAL AUTHORS ON TIBERIUS’ REIGN
			TIBERIUS’ RELATIONSHIPS WITH GERMANICUS AND SEJANUS
			CONSPIRACIES AND CHALLENGES TO TIBERIUS’ REIGN, INCLUDING MUTINIES AND REVOLTS
			THE TREASON TRIALS
			TIBERIUS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS RELIGION, INCLUDING THE IMPERIAL CULT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE ROME
			RELATIONS WITH THE SENATE, EQUESTRIANS, AND ORDINARY PEOPLE OF ROME
		1.3 Gaius, AD 37–41
			THE PRESENTATION OF GAIUS’ CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY AS EMPEROR BY THE ANCIENT SOURCES
			ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES TO ROME
			RELATIONS WITH THE SENATE, EQUESTRIANS, AND PLEBS
			GAIUS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS RELIGION, INCLUDING THE IMPERIAL CULT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE ROME
			THE ASSASSINATION OF AD 41
		1.4 Claudius, AD 41–54
			THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE ACCESSION
			THE PRESENTATION OF CLAUDIUS’ ROLE IN, AND MOTIVES FOR, THE INVASION OF BRITAIN
			THE IMPORTANCE OF CLAUDIUS’ WIVES AND FREEDMEN, INCLUDING THEIR ROLE IN AFFECTING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CLAUDIUS, NERO AND BRITANNICUS
			ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES TO ROME
			RELATIONS WITH THE SENATE, EQUESTRIANS AND ORDINARY PEOPLE OF ROME
			THE EVENTS SURROUNDING CLAUDIUS’ DEATH
		1.5 Nero, AD 54–68
			THE PRESENTATION OF NERO AS EMPEROR BY THE ANCIENT SOURCES
			THE EARLY PART OF NERO’S REIGN AND THE CHANGING ROLE OF AGRIPPINA
			THE IMPORTANCE OF NERO’S WIVES
			THE PISONIAN CONSPIRACY IN 65
			THE GREAT FIRE OF ROME IN 64
			THE REVOLT OF VINDEX; THE DEATH OF NERO AND THE ACCESSION OF GALBA
			NERO’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS RELIGION INCLUDING THE IMPERIAL CULT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE ROME
			ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES TO ROME
			RELATIONS WITH THE SENATE, EQUESTRIANS AND ORDINARY PEOPLE OF ROME
PART 2 DEPTH STUDIES
	Introduction to the Depth Study options
	DEPTH STUDY 1 The Breakdown of the Late Republic, 88–31 BC
	Introduction to The Breakdown of the Late Republic, 88–31 BC
		2.1 The Form of the Constitution
			THE SENATE INCLUDING SENATUS CONSULTA
			MAGISTRATES AND THE CURSUS HONORUM
			TRIBUNES
			THE PEOPLE
			FACTIONS, INCLUDING OPTIMATES AND POPULARES
			THE LAW COURTS, INCLUDING QUAESTIONES PERPETUAE
			THE SOCIAL ORDERS
			THE GRACCHI AND MARIUS
		2.2 Sulla and the 70s
			THE REFORMS OF SULLA AS DICTATOR
			THE UNDOING OF SULLA’S REFORMS
			POMPEY’S MILITARY COMMANDS
			POMPEY AND CRASSUS AS CONSULS
		2.3 The Catilinarian Conspiracy
			CATILINE
			CICERO’S ELECTION CAMPAIGN
			CAESAR
			CATILINE AND CICERO
		2.4 The 50s: A Turbulent Decade
			POMPEY’S NEEDS
			CRASSUS’ NEEDS
			CAESAR’S NEEDS
			THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
			CAESAR’S FIRST CONSULSHIP
			CLODIUS AS TRIBUNE
			THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TRIUMVIRATE
		2.5 Civil War and Caesar’s Dictatorship
			THE REASONS FOR THE CIVIL WAR
			CAESAR’S MILITARY COMMAND
			CAESAR’S DICTATORSHIP
			ASSASSINATION
		2.6 The Second Triumvirate
			AFTERMATH OF CAESAR’S ASSASSINATION
			ANTONY AGAINST THE SENATE
			THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
			OCTAVIAN’S SUCCESSES
			VICTORY AT ACTIUM AND EGYPT
		2.7 Social and Economic Relationships and Their Importance in the Breakdown of the Republic
			SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS
			INDIVIDUALS
	DEPTH STUDY 2 The Flavians, AD 68–96
	Introduction to The Flavians, AD 68–96
		3.1 The Year of the Four Emperors: The Establishment of the Flavian Dynasty AD 68–69
			OTHO’S REIGN AND THE CHALLENGE OF VITELLIUS
			THE ACTIONS OF VESPASIAN AND HIS SUPPORTERS
			GAIUS LICINIUS MUCIANUS: POLITICAL SUPPORT
			TIBERIUS JULIUS ALEXANDER: PROVINCIAL SUPPORT
			THE MOESIAN, SYRIAN, AND JUDEAN LEGIONS: MILITARY SUPPORT
			ROME UNDER VITELLIUS, HIS FAILINGS, AND THE ENDING OF THE CIVIL WAR
		3.2 The Nature of the Principate under the Flavians
			THE ACTIONS OF VESPASIAN ON HIS ACCESSION AND THE REASONS FOR THEM
			THE FLAVIANS AND ROME (I): THE PRINCEPS AND THE SENATE
			THE FLAVIANS AND ROME (II): THE PRINCEPS AND THE PLEBS
			THE FLAVIANS AND ROME (III): THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EQUITES
		3.3 The Personalities of Vespasian, Titus and Domitian
			VESPASIAN’S CHARACTER
			TITUS’ CHARACTER
			DOMITIAN’S CHARACTER
			TAXATION AND FINANCES UNDER THE FLAVIANS
			CHALLENGES TO ROMAN AUTHORITY: THE PROBLEMS IN THE EAST, BRITAIN, GERMANY AND THE DANUBE
		3.4 Propaganda: Its Role in Creating and Supporting the Dynasty
			THE ACCESSION OF VESPASIAN AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE DYNASTY
			IMAGING THE PRINCEPS – THE EMPEROR IN ART, COINS, AND LITERATURE: THE PRESENTATION OF THE PRINCEPS
			ENTERTAINING THE MASSES: FESTIVALS, GAMES, AND TRIUMPHS
			THE USE OF BUILDING PROJECTS IN ROME AND THE EMPIRE
		3.5 Religion: Its Role in the Principate and Roman Society
			THE STATUS AND IMPORTANCE OF TRADITIONAL ROMAN RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND RITES IN ROMAN SOCIETY
			ALTERNATIVE RELIGIONS – THE INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN CULTS
			IMPERIAL FAMILY AND IMPERIAL CULT
			INVOLVEMENT AND ATTITUDE – THE EMPEROR’S ROLE IN RELIGION
			THE IMPACT ON SOCIETY OF THE RELIGIOUS ‘DEVELOPMENTS’ OF THE FLAVIANS
	DEPTH STUDY 3 Ruling Roman Britain, AD 43–128
	Introduction to Ruling Roman Britain, AD 43–128
		4.1 Roman Military Policy towards Britain: Conquest and Expansion
			ROME’S RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN BEFORE AD 43
			THE REASONS FOR THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF BRITAIN UNDER CLAUDIUS
			ROMAN MILITARY POLICY TOWARDS BRITAIN AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS
			THE GOVERNORSHIP OF AGRICOLA
		4.2 Frontier Policy: Consolidation and Retrenchment AD 85– c . 128
			THE CHANGES TO FRONTIER POLICY AFTER AGRICOLA’S GOVERNORSHIP INCLUDING RETRENCHMENT
			THE STANEGATE ROAD SYSTEM
			HADRIAN’S WALL: ITS HISTORY, FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS
		4.3 Resistance to Roman Rule
			THE NATURE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF BRITISH RESISTANCE TO ROMAN INVASION AND RULE
			CARATACUS
			THE BOUDICCAN REBELLION
			CARTIMANDUA AND VENUTIUS
			CALGACUS
		4.4 Roman Control
			THE ROLE AND DUTIES OF THE GOVERNOR AND THE PROCURATOR IN THE ROMAN PROVINCE
			OTHER OFFICIALS
			THE SOLDIERS
		4.5 Effects of Roman Rule
			THE VALUE OF BRITAIN TO THE ROMANS
			A ROMAN WAY OF LIFE FOR THE BRITONS
			AGRICULTURE
		What to Expect in the AS Level Exam for the Roman Period Study
			STRUCTURE
			ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
			SAMPLE QUESTIONS
		What to Expect in the A Level Exam
			ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
			SECTION A
			SECTION B – DEPTH STUDY (THE BREAKDOWN OF THE LATE REPUBLIC, 88–31 BC )
			SECTION B – DEPTH STUDY (FLAVIANS)
			SECTION B – DEPTH STUDY (RULING ROMAN BRITAIN, AD 43–c. 128)
GLOSSARY
SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS
SOURCES OF QUOTATIONS
INDEX