Object-Oriented Analysis and Design for Information Systems: Modeling with BPMN, OCL, IFML, and Python

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Object-Oriented Analysis and Design for Information Systems
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Contents
1 Introduction
	Key topics in this chapter
	1.1 This book
	1.2 Object-oriented systems development
	1.3 Agile software development
	1.4 Discussion
	Questions
2 General view of the system
	Key topics in this chapter
	2.1 Introduction to general view of the system
	2.2 Early effort estimation
	2.3 Acceptance criteria
	2.4 Completing the general view of the system
	2.5 Product backlog
	2.6 Business use cases
		2.6.1 Business actors and business workers
		2.6.2 Automation opportunities
	2.7 Discussion
	Questions
3 Business modeling
	Key topics in this chapter
	3.1 Introduction to business modeling
	3.2 Business Process Modeling and Notation
		3.2.1 Tasks
		3.2.2 Gateways
		3.2.3 Pools and lanes
		3.2.4 General recommendations
	3.3 State-dependent aspects of a business
	3.4 Discussion
	Questions
4 High-level requirements
	Key topics in this chapter
	4.1 Introduction to high-level requirements
	4.2 System actors
	4.3 System use cases
		4.3.1 Single session
		4.3.2 Interactive
		4.3.3 Consistent result
		4.3.4 Essential and concrete
		4.3.5 Brief
		4.3.6 System boundary
	4.4 How to find system use cases in the business use case model?
	4.5 How to find system use cases in BPMN diagrams?
	4.6 How to find system use cases in machine state diagrams?
	4.7 Requirements
		4.7.1 Requirements challenges
		4.7.2 Evident and hidden functional requirements
		4.7.3 Nonfunctional and supplementary requirements
		4.7.4 Logical and technological nonfunctional requirements
		4.7.5 Permanent and transient nonfunctional requirements
		4.7.6 Mandatory and desired requirements
		4.7.7 Supplementary requirements
	4.8 Preliminary conceptual model
		4.8.1 Finding concepts by examining system use cases
		4.8.2 Finding new use cases using the CRUDL pattern
	4.9 Discussion
	Questions
5 Use case-based project planning
	Key topics in this chapter
	5.1 Introduction to effort estimation
	5.2 Ad hoc techniques
	5.3 Parametric techniques
	5.4 User story points
		5.4.1 Two ways to estimate story points
			5.4.1.1 Selecting from the whole set of stories
			5.4.1.2 Planning poker
		5.4.2 What to consider when estimating story points
			5.4.2.1 Effort
			5.4.2.2 Complexity
			5.4.2.3 Risk
	5.5 Linear time
	5.6 Estimating the duration of the sprints
	5.7 Defining use case priority
	5.8 Monitoring a project
	Questions
6 Expanded use cases
	Key topics in this chapter
	6.1 Introduction to expanded use cases
	6.2 Main flow
	6.3 Alternate flows
		6.3.1 Scenarios
		6.3.2 Variants
		6.3.3 Exception handling
	6.4 Writing recommendations
		6.4.1 Essential versus real use case
		6.4.2 Explicit information
		6.4.3 Identification and selection
		6.4.4 Mandatory, complementary, and unsuitable steps
	6.5 Included use cases and fragments
	6.6 Other sections of an expanded use case
		6.6.1 Stakeholders
		6.6.2 Preconditions
		6.6.3 Success postconditions
		6.6.4 Open issues
	6.7 Expansion of stereotyped use cases
	Questions
7 System operations
	Key topics in this chapter
	7.1 Introduction to system operations
	7.2 Elements of a sequence diagram
	7.3 Expanded use cases as system sequence diagrams
	7.4 Connecting the interface to the façade controller
	7.5 Stateful and stateless
	7.6 Alternate flows in system sequence diagrams
	7.7 Discussion
	Questions
8 Conceptual modeling: fundamentals
	Key topics in this chapter
	8.1 Introduction to conceptual modeling
	8.2 Attributes
		8.2.1 Attribute types
		8.2.2 Initial values
		8.2.3 Derived attributes
		8.2.4 Enumerations
		8.2.5 Primitive types
	8.3 Concepts
		8.3.1 Unique attributes
		8.3.2 System control class
	8.4 Associations
		8.4.1 Role multiplicity
		8.4.2 Association direction
		8.4.3 Derived association
		8.4.4 Derived association with filter
		8.4.5 Aggregation and composition
		8.4.6 n-ary associations
	Questions
9 Conceptual modeling: data structures and organization
	Key topics in this chapter
	9.1 Collections
		9.1.1 Set
		9.1.2 Ordered set
		9.1.3 Bag
		9.1.4 Sequence
		9.1.5 Map
		9.1.6 Partition
		9.1.7 Relation
	9.2 Organization of the conceptual model
		9.2.1 Generalization, specialization, and inheritance
		9.2.2 Association classes
	9.3 Modal classes
		9.3.1 Stable transition
		9.3.2 Monotonic increasing transition
		9.3.3 Nonmonotonic transition
	9.4 Invariants
	Questions
10 From use cases to conceptual model
	Key topics in this chapter
	10.1 Iterative construction of the conceptual model
	10.2 How to find concepts and attributes
	10.3 Dependent and independent concepts
	10.4 How to find associations
	10.5 Example of iterative construction of the conceptual model
	Questions
11 Conceptual modeling: patterns
	Key topics in this chapter
	11.1 Introduction to conceptual model patterns
	11.2 High cohesion
	11.3 Specification classes
	11.4 Quantity
		11.4.1 Different units
		11.4.2 Unit conversion
	11.5 Measure
	11.6 Strategy
	11.7 Composite
	11.8 Organizational hierarchy
	11.9 Object joining
		11.9.1 Copy and replace
		11.9.2 Superseding
		11.9.3 Essence/appearance
		11.9.4 Undoing a join
	11.10 Account/transaction
		11.10.1 Multilegged transactions
		11.10.2 Memo movements and memo accounts
	11.11 Range or interval
	11.12 Temporal patterns
		11.12.1 Effectivity
		11.12.2 History
		11.12.3 Temporal
		11.12.4 Bitemporal
	11.13 Discussion
	Questions
12 Functional modeling with object constraint language contracts
	Key topics in this chapter
	12.1 Introduction to functional modeling
	12.2 Preconditions
		12.2.1 Parameter guarantee
		12.2.2 Semantic and syntactic preconditions
		12.2.3 Complementary constraints
		12.2.4 Precondition assurance
	12.3 Exceptions
	12.4 Preconditions and exceptions versus invariants
	12.5 Query return
	12.6 Postconditions
		12.6.1 Changing an attribute value
		12.6.2 Creating an instance
		12.6.3 Destroying an instance
		12.6.4 Adding a link
		12.6.5 Removing a link
		12.6.6 Replacing a link
		12.6.7 Well-formed postconditions
		12.6.8 Combination of expressions
		12.6.9 Former values
		12.6.10 Postconditions covering collections of objects
		12.6.11 Postconditions and real-world events
	12.7 Pattern contracts for CRUDL
		12.7.1 Contract for create
		12.7.2 Contract for update
		12.7.3 Contract for delete
		12.7.4 Contract for retrieve
		12.7.5 Contract for listing
	12.8 Discussion
	Questions
13 Domain tier design
	Key topics in this chapter
	13.1 Introduction to domain tier design
	13.2 Object responsibility distribution
	13.3 Visibility
		13.3.1 Visibility by association
			13.3.1.1 Visibility to a single object
			13.3.1.2 Visibility to multiple objects
			13.3.1.3 Visibility by association with ordered roles
			13.3.1.4 Visibility by association with qualifiers
			13.3.1.5 Visibility by association with association class
			13.3.1.6 The influence of preconditions on visibility by association
		13.3.2 Visibility by parameter
		13.3.3 Locally declared visibility
		13.3.4 Global visibility
	13.4 Dynamic modeling based on postconditions
		13.4.1 Creating instances
		13.4.2 Destroying instances
		13.4.3 Adding, removing, and replacing links
		13.4.4 Modifying attributes
		13.4.5 Conditional postconditions
		13.4.6 Exceptions
		13.4.7 Postconditions over collections
	13.5 Delegation and low coupling
	13.6 Design class diagram
	Questions
14 Code generation
	Key topics in this chapter
	14.1 Introduction to code generation
	14.2 Unidirectional associations
		14.2.1 Unidirectional association to 1 and 0..1
		14.2.2 Unidirectional association to set
		14.2.3 Unidirectional to bag
		14.2.4 Unidirectional to sequence
		14.2.5 Unidirectional to ordered set
		14.2.6 Unidirectional to array
		14.2.7 Unidirectional qualified association
		14.2.8 Unidirectional association with association class
	14.3 Bidirectional associations
		14.3.1 Mutual friends
		14.3.2 Unidirectional implementation
		14.3.3 Association proxy
	14.4 Delegated methods and system operations
	Questions
15 Testing
	Key topics in this chapter
	15.1 Introduction to testing
	15.2 Functional testing
		15.2.1 Equivalence partitioning
		15.2.2 Limit value analysis
	15.3 Stubs
	15.4 Drivers
	15.5 Test-driven development
	15.6 Unit testing with TDD
		15.6.1 Testing methods related to a public mandatory and immutable attribute
		15.6.2 Testing methods related to a public, mandatory, and mutable attribute
		15.6.3 Testing methods related to a derived attribute with more than one valid class
		15.6.4 Testing after requirements change
		15.6.5 A top-down approach to minimize the need of unnecessary tests
	15.7 Use case testing
	Questions
16 Interface tier design
	Key topics in this chapter
	16.1 Introduction to interface tier design
	16.2 View containers
	16.3 View components
		16.3.1 Details
		16.3.2 List
		16.3.3 Form
	16.4 Flows
		16.4.1 Navigation flow
		16.4.2 Data flow
		16.4.3 Parameter binding
	16.5 Web interface patterns
		16.5.1 Cascade index
		16.5.2 Filtered index
		16.5.3 Guided tour
		16.5.4 Viewpoints
		16.5.5 Overview plus detail
		16.5.6 Top-level navigation
	16.6 Connecting the IFML model with system operations
		16.6.1 IFML models for CRUDL operations
		16.6.2 Use case interface modeling with IFML
	Questions
17 Data persistence
	Key topics in this chapter
	17.1 Introduction to data persistence
	17.2 Object-relational mapping
		17.2.1 Classes and attributes
			17.2.1.1 Number sequence generator
			17.2.1.2 Index selection
		17.2.2 Associations
			17.2.2.1 Many-to-many associations
			17.2.2.2 One-to-many associations
			17.2.2.3 One-to-one associations
			17.2.2.4 Ordered associations
			17.2.2.5 Associations representing bags
			17.2.2.6 Qualified associations
			17.2.2.7 Association classes
			17.2.2.8 n-ary associations
			17.2.2.9 Façade controller associations
		17.2.3 Inheritance
			17.2.3.1 Implementing the entire hierarchy in a single table
			17.2.3.2 Each concrete class as a single table
			17.2.3.3 Each class in a single table
	17.3 Saving and loading objects
		17.3.1 Virtual proxy
			17.3.1.1 Virtual data structures
			17.3.1.2 Lazy load
		17.3.2 Brokers and materialization
		17.3.3 Caches
			17.3.3.1 Commit and rollback
			17.3.3.2 Cache control in a multiuser server
	Questions
Bibliography
	References
Index
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